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User:Vinay Jha

2014-02-12T17:51:51Z

Vinay Jha:

Vedic Astrologer & Researcher.

http://vedicastrology.wikidot.com/ is the Main Website of Vinay Jha.

==Experience & Works==
*For 12 years worked on comparative linguistics of Indo European languages, special works on Rgveda.
*Language processing, esp voice recognition software of Hindi, vowel part was completed but consonant part could not be completed due to lack of equipment for removing extraneous noise which is relatively greater in consonants. Pure Sanskrit / Hindi vowels can be artificially generated and pronounced by writing simple numarical codes in any computer language.
*Annual rain forecasts regularly sent to 615 weather scientists and institutions.
* Decision by KSD Sanskrit University, Bihar, India in April 2007 to rectify its almanac (Panchaanga) with the help of software developed by Vinay Jhā (after a decision by Patna High Court). Click Here to See.
* Decision of Department of Jyotisha , KSD Sanskrit University, Bihār, India in Sep 2008 to work on four projects related to natural disasters (forecasting Rains, Floods, Cyclones, Earthquakes) with the collaboration of and according to the computations of Vinay Jha.
* Decision of Department of Jyotisha , KSD Sanskrit University to include Vinay Jha among the three editors of its famous Vishvavidyalaya Panchangam (not accepted by Vinay Jha), other two editors being present and former Heads of Dept of Jyotisha.
* Verification of rain forecasts by scientist at Climate branch of NASA headquarters in USA ( Goddard Space Flight Centre or GSFC in Maryland ).
* Research paper 'A New Approach To Rain Forecasting' accepted by CAOS of IISc ( Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore) for presentation at international conference 'Celebrating the Monsoons' (24-28 July, 2007, IISc, Bangalore).
* Chief Editor of Mithila Times (Weekly Magazine) since Dec,1984 (now not published regularly).
* Almanac-maker (पंचांगकार) of 8 governmental and other agencies, including almanacs published by:
*# Adityavahini Panchangam (Puri's Shankarāchārya's Govardhana Math),
*# Sanskrit Academy Panchangam (HRD Ministry, Govt of Bihar),Patna,India.
*# Surya Panchangam, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India (Murari Vajpeyi)
*# Aditya Panchangam, Varanasi, India (Dr Parasnath Ojha).
*# Prayagraja Panchāngam, Allahabad, India (Dr Girija Shankar Shastri).
*# Mithila Panchanga, Darbhanga, India (Dr Radhakant Mishra,Dr Udishta Narayan Jha, &c).
*# Parmartha Panchangam, Mainpuri, UP, India.
*# Pārānkusha Panchāngam, Gaya, Bihar, India.
* Maker of scores of softwares related to Horoscope , Astronomy, Weather Forecasting, etc, but only the horoscope software KUNDALEE is being distributed (free of cost) : [http://jyotirvidya.wetpaint.com/?t=anon] ; [http://jyotirvidya.wetpaint.com/page/Software] ; [http://kundalee.wikidot.com/start] .
* Edited or wrote hundreds of online articles, few on Jyotisha, mostly on Indology.
* Hundreds of articles &c published in magazines (not interested in writing on Jyotisha due to lack of good students).
* Elucidation of secret techniques of Suryasiddhāntic almanac, published in Jyotisha Vaijnāniki Patrikā, by Dr Nāgendra Pāndey, Sampoornānand Sanskrit University (Benaras).

==Papers and Lectures in Seminars==
* A New Approach To Rain Forecasting ( presented in the International conference Celebrating The Monsoons (July 24-28) held by CAOS (Centre of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences ) of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. This article can be downloaded from the site weatherindia (see link given in the Home Page)
* Suryasiddhāntiya Parnchānga Ki Nirmāna Vidhi ( Hindi, presented in summarised form in the national conference at Sampoornānand Sanskrit University in Vārānasi on Oct 18-19,2005 ( It was unanimously accepted by all leading astrologers of Hindi speaking states participating in this conference that all panchangas / almanacs ought to be made solely from Surya-siddhānta). This article can be downloaded from this site (see link below the Home Page).
* Influence of Indian Astrology upon the World (Hindi): invited lecture in Kalidasa Academy at a conference held by Vikram University , Ujjain, MP, India. This article can be downloaded from this site (see link below the Home Page).
* Ancient Method of making National Horoscope (Hindi) : invited lecture in Kalidasa Academy at a conference held by Kalidasa Academy, Ujjain, India.

==Published Book==
* Suryasiddhanta : Mathematical Analysis of Physical and Noumenal Worlds ( Second edition with thorough expansion is to be published shortly). This book can be downloaded from this website (unrevised edition).

Jyotish

2013-08-15T16:36:14Z

Vinay Jha: /* Origins */ Eye of Veda

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within astrology and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is ''''Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam'''', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments.

Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda, i.e., Eye of real Knowledge (Veda means real Knowledge), because [[Jyotisha]] provides the tangible proofs in favour of existence of soul and rebirth by means of horoscope in this life reflecting the karmas of past life.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===

'Sarga' is an essential chapter in every Purāna, which describes the process and [[mathematics]] of Creation and [[Yuga]]-cycles, which are common to all ancient siddhāntas of Jyotiṣa. Some Purānas provide greater details about mathematical portions of Jyotiṣa, while important aspects and rules of Phalita Jyotiṣa and Parvādi are scattered in various Purānas. Nārada Purāna devoted greatest space to Jyotiṣa. Mahā[[bhārata]] and Rāmāyana also contain many references to and uses of Jyotiṣa. For instance, Mahābhārata refers to the use of Sarvato-[[Bhadra]] [[Chakra]] which is an astrological tool fully described in ancient Yāmala [[Tantra]] literarure.

===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

=='''Key Concepts and Terms'''==

==='''Time System'''===

How to measure Time depends on the purpose for which we need to measure Time. Hence, there are various Time-Systems.

===='''Types of Time Systems'''====

===='''Yuga Cycles'''====

===='''Constituents of Time'''====

'''Month : Solar and Lunar'''

'''Ahorātra'''

Ahorātra means the time from one Sunrise to next Sunrise at a given place on the surface of Earth. Literally, it means Day plus Night. It is not exactly equal to 24 hours, because Sunrise varies from day to day, while the modern measure of 'hour' is a constant defined on the basis of Atomic definition of a 'second' of time.

'''Ghati''' or Danda

==='''Grahas and their Characteristics'''===

==='''PANCHĀNGA or Five Limbs'''===

Moon is the fastest planet. Hence, elements related to motions of Moon are accorded highest priority in a religious almanac known as Panchānga (= "Five limbs") : Tithi, Karana, Rāsi, Nakshatra and Vāra.

===='''Tithi'''====
Tithi is Moon's Elongation or angular distance from Sun ; 12 degrees of elongation is equated to one tithi and 360 degrees or one full circle is one Luni-Solar Month, or in short Lunar Month of Hindus (Chāndra-māsa). Counting of tithis begin from New Moon to next New Moon, but counting of Luni-Solar months start and end with Full Moon, as the term "Poorna-māsi" implies. This system existed even in earliest Vedic era, as the very name of first Vedic yajna "Darshapoornamāsi" implies : Darsha means New Moon and Poorna-māsi means Completion of Month on Full Moon.

===='''Karana'''====
Karana is a subsidiary of Tithi, defined as exact half of a tithi.

===='''Rāsi'''====
Rasi and Nakshatra are interrelated and depend solely on Moon's absolute motion with respect to Fixed Sky.

===='''Nakshatra'''====

===='''Vāra'''====

Vāra is not a feature of Moon, but of Sun, and depends on topocentric Sunrise for a given place at earth's surface.

===='''Additional Elements of Panchānga'''====

===='''How to Read a Panchānga '''====

====Subject matter and Uses of a panchānga====

The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

====Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas====

=== '''Other Key Concepts and Terms'''===

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive [[astrology]] has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and [[economy]], prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of Jyotisha is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating Tantra and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current Yuga are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Gotama Samhitā : manuscript in Telugu script.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : one manuscript in [[Varanasi]], other in Bangla made public but unpublished, rest scattered.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.
* Bhrigu Yogāvali : in manuscript form.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Jātaka : Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Naṣṭa-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Prashna or Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Hastarekhā-shāstra or Palmistry====
====Mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or astrological features of different parts of body====
===Graha-shānti or Propitiation of Planets===
===Stri-Jātaka or Feminine Horoscopy===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2013-08-15T16:31:56Z

Vinay Jha: /* Origins */

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within astrology and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is ''''Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam'''', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===

'Sarga' is an essential chapter in every Purāna, which describes the process and [[mathematics]] of Creation and [[Yuga]]-cycles, which are common to all ancient siddhāntas of Jyotiṣa. Some Purānas provide greater details about mathematical portions of Jyotiṣa, while important aspects and rules of Phalita Jyotiṣa and Parvādi are scattered in various Purānas. Nārada Purāna devoted greatest space to Jyotiṣa. Mahā[[bhārata]] and Rāmāyana also contain many references to and uses of Jyotiṣa. For instance, Mahābhārata refers to the use of Sarvato-[[Bhadra]] [[Chakra]] which is an astrological tool fully described in ancient Yāmala [[Tantra]] literarure.

===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

=='''Key Concepts and Terms'''==

==='''Time System'''===

How to measure Time depends on the purpose for which we need to measure Time. Hence, there are various Time-Systems.

===='''Types of Time Systems'''====

===='''Yuga Cycles'''====

===='''Constituents of Time'''====

'''Month : Solar and Lunar'''

'''Ahorātra'''

Ahorātra means the time from one Sunrise to next Sunrise at a given place on the surface of Earth. Literally, it means Day plus Night. It is not exactly equal to 24 hours, because Sunrise varies from day to day, while the modern measure of 'hour' is a constant defined on the basis of Atomic definition of a 'second' of time.

'''Ghati''' or Danda

==='''Grahas and their Characteristics'''===

==='''PANCHĀNGA or Five Limbs'''===

Moon is the fastest planet. Hence, elements related to motions of Moon are accorded highest priority in a religious almanac known as Panchānga (= "Five limbs") : Tithi, Karana, Rāsi, Nakshatra and Vāra.

===='''Tithi'''====
Tithi is Moon's Elongation or angular distance from Sun ; 12 degrees of elongation is equated to one tithi and 360 degrees or one full circle is one Luni-Solar Month, or in short Lunar Month of Hindus (Chāndra-māsa). Counting of tithis begin from New Moon to next New Moon, but counting of Luni-Solar months start and end with Full Moon, as the term "Poorna-māsi" implies. This system existed even in earliest Vedic era, as the very name of first Vedic yajna "Darshapoornamāsi" implies : Darsha means New Moon and Poorna-māsi means Completion of Month on Full Moon.

===='''Karana'''====
Karana is a subsidiary of Tithi, defined as exact half of a tithi.

===='''Rāsi'''====
Rasi and Nakshatra are interrelated and depend solely on Moon's absolute motion with respect to Fixed Sky.

===='''Nakshatra'''====

===='''Vāra'''====

Vāra is not a feature of Moon, but of Sun, and depends on topocentric Sunrise for a given place at earth's surface.

===='''Additional Elements of Panchānga'''====

===='''How to Read a Panchānga '''====

====Subject matter and Uses of a panchānga====

The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

====Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas====

=== '''Other Key Concepts and Terms'''===

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive [[astrology]] has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and [[economy]], prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating Tantra and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current Yuga are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Gotama Samhitā : manuscript in Telugu script.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : one manuscript in [[Varanasi]], other in Bangla made public but unpublished, rest scattered.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.
* Bhrigu Yogāvali : in manuscript form.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Jātaka : Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Naṣṭa-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Prashna or Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Hastarekhā-shāstra or Palmistry====
====Mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or astrological features of different parts of body====
===Graha-shānti or Propitiation of Planets===
===Stri-Jātaka or Feminine Horoscopy===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2012-12-12T04:52:00Z

Vinay Jha:

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within astrology and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is ''''Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam'''', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===

'Sarga' is an essential chapter in every Purāna, which describes the process and [[mathematics]] of Creation and [[Yuga]]-cycles, which are common to all ancient siddhāntas of Jyotiṣa. Some Purānas provide greater details about mathematical portions of Jyotiṣa, while important aspects and rules of Phalita Jyotiṣa and Parvādi are scattered in various Purānas. Nārada Purāna devoted greatest space to Jyotiṣa. Mahā[[bhārata]] and Rāmāyana also contain many references to and uses of Jyotiṣa. For instance, Mahābhārata refers to the use of Sarvato-[[Bhadra]] [[Chakra]] which is an astrological tool fully described in ancient Yāmala [[Tantra]] literarure.

===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahābhārata (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

=='''Key Concepts and Terms'''==

==='''Time System'''===

How to measure Time depends on the purpose for which we need to measure Time. Hence, there are various Time-Systems.

===='''Types of Time Systems'''====

===='''Yuga Cycles'''====

===='''Constituents of Time'''====

'''Month : Solar and Lunar'''

'''Ahorātra'''

Ahorātra means the time from one Sunrise to next Sunrise at a given place on the surface of Earth. Literally, it means Day plus Night. It is not exactly equal to 24 hours, because Sunrise varies from day to day, while the modern measure of 'hour' is a constant defined on the basis of Atomic definition of a 'second' of time.

'''Ghati''' or Danda

==='''Grahas and their Characteristics'''===

==='''PANCHĀNGA or Five Limbs'''===

Moon is the fastest planet. Hence, elements related to motions of Moon are accorded highest priority in a religious almanac known as Panchānga (= "Five limbs") : Tithi, Karana, Rāsi, Nakshatra and Vāra.

===='''Tithi'''====
Tithi is Moon's Elongation or angular distance from Sun ; 12 degrees of elongation is equated to one tithi and 360 degrees or one full circle is one Luni-Solar Month, or in short Lunar Month of Hindus (Chāndra-māsa). Counting of tithis begin from New Moon to next New Moon, but counting of Luni-Solar months start and end with Full Moon, as the term "Poorna-māsi" implies. This system existed even in earliest Vedic era, as the very name of first Vedic yajna "Darshapoornamāsi" implies : Darsha means New Moon and Poorna-māsi means Completion of Month on Full Moon.

===='''Karana'''====
Karana is a subsidiary of Tithi, defined as exact half of a tithi.

===='''Rāsi'''====
Rasi and Nakshatra are interrelated and depend solely on Moon's absolute motion with respect to Fixed Sky.

===='''Nakshatra'''====

===='''Vāra'''====

Vāra is not a feature of Moon, but of Sun, and depends on topocentric Sunrise for a given place at earth's surface.

===='''Additional Elements of Panchānga'''====

===='''How to Read a Panchānga '''====

====Subject matter and Uses of a panchānga====

The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

====Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas====

=== '''Other Key Concepts and Terms'''===

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive [[astrology]] has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and [[economy]], prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating Tantra and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current Yuga are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Gotama Samhitā : manuscript in Telugu script.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : one manuscript in [[Varanasi]], other in Bangla made public but unpublished, rest scattered.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.
* Bhrigu Yogāvali : in manuscript form.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Jātaka : Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Naṣṭa-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Prashna or Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Hastarekhā-shāstra or Palmistry====
====Mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or astrological features of different parts of body====
===Graha-shānti or Propitiation of Planets===
===Stri-Jātaka or Feminine Horoscopy===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2012-12-12T04:50:42Z

Vinay Jha:

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within astrology and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is ''''Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam'''', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===

'Sarga' is an essential chapter in every Purāna, which describes the process and [[mathematics]] of Creation and [[Yuga]]-cycles, which are common to all ancient siddhāntas of Jyotiṣa. Some Purānas provide greater details about mathematical portions of Jyotiṣa, while important aspects and rules of Phalita Jyotiṣa and Parvādi are scattered in various Purānas. Nārada Purāna devoted greatest space to Jyotiṣa. Mahā[[bhārata]] and Rāmāyana also contain many references to and uses of Jyotiṣa. For instance, Mahābhārata refers to the use of Sarvato-[[Bhadra]] [[Chakra]] which is an astrological tool fully described in ancient Yāmala [[Tantra]] literarure.

===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahābhārata (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

=='''Key Concepts and Terms'''==

==='''Time System'''===

How to measure Time depends on the purpose for which we need to measure Time. Hence, there are various Time-Systems.

===='''Types of Time Systems'''====

===='''Yuga Cycles'''===

===='''Constituents of Time'''====

'''Month : Solar and Lunar'''

'''Ahorātra'''

Ahorātra means the time from one Sunrise to next Sunrise at a given place on the surface of Earth. Literally, it means Day plus Night. It is not exactly equal to 24 hours, because Sunrise varies from day to day, while the modern measure of 'hour' is a constant defined on the basis of Atomic definition of a 'second' of time.

'''Ghati''' or Danda

==='''Grahas and their Characteristics'''===

==='''PANCHĀNGA or Five Limbs'''===

Moon is the fastest planet. Hence, elements related to motions of Moon are accorded highest priority in a religious almanac known as Panchānga (= "Five limbs") : Tithi, Karana, Rāsi, Nakshatra and Vāra.

===='''Tithi'''====
Tithi is Moon's Elongation or angular distance from Sun ; 12 degrees of elongation is equated to one tithi and 360 degrees or one full circle is one Luni-Solar Month, or in short Lunar Month of Hindus (Chāndra-māsa). Counting of tithis begin from New Moon to next New Moon, but counting of Luni-Solar months start and end with Full Moon, as the term "Poorna-māsi" implies. This system existed even in earliest Vedic era, as the very name of first Vedic yajna "Darshapoornamāsi" implies : Darsha means New Moon and Poorna-māsi means Completion of Month on Full Moon.

===='''Karana'''====
Karana is a subsidiary of Tithi, defined as exact half of a tithi.

===='''Rāsi'''====
Rasi and Nakshatra are interrelated and depend solely on Moon's absolute motion with respect to Fixed Sky.

===='''Nakshatra'''====

===='''Vāra'''====

Vāra is not a feature of Moon, but of Sun, and depends on topocentric Sunrise for a given place at earth's surface.

===='''Additional Elements of Panchānga'''====

===='''How to Read a Panchānga '''====

====Subject matter and Uses of a panchānga====

The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

====Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas====

=== '''Other Key Concepts and Terms'''===

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive [[astrology]] has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and [[economy]], prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating Tantra and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current Yuga are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Gotama Samhitā : manuscript in Telugu script.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : one manuscript in [[Varanasi]], other in Bangla made public but unpublished, rest scattered.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.
* Bhrigu Yogāvali : in manuscript form.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Jātaka : Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Naṣṭa-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Prashna or Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Hastarekhā-shāstra or Palmistry====
====Mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or astrological features of different parts of body====
===Graha-shānti or Propitiation of Planets===
===Stri-Jātaka or Feminine Horoscopy===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2012-12-12T04:44:39Z

Vinay Jha:

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within astrology and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is ''''Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam'''', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===

'Sarga' is an essential chapter in every Purāna, which describes the process and [[mathematics]] of Creation and [[Yuga]]-cycles, which are common to all ancient siddhāntas of Jyotiṣa. Some Purānas provide greater details about mathematical portions of Jyotiṣa, while important aspects and rules of Phalita Jyotiṣa and Parvādi are scattered in various Purānas. Nārada Purāna devoted greatest space to Jyotiṣa. Mahā[[bhārata]] and Rāmāyana also contain many references to and uses of Jyotiṣa. For instance, Mahābhārata refers to the use of Sarvato-[[Bhadra]] [[Chakra]] which is an astrological tool fully described in ancient Yāmala [[Tantra]] literarure.

===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahābhārata (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

=='''Key Concepts and Terms'''==

==='''Grahas and their Characteristics'''===

==='''PANCHĀNGA or Five Limbs'''===

Moon is the fastest planet. Hence, elements related to motions of Moon are accorded highest priority in a religious almanac known as Panchānga (= "Five limbs") : Tithi, Karana, Rāsi, Nakshatra and Vāra.

===='''Tithi'''====
Tithi is Moon's Elongation or angular distance from Sun ; 12 degrees of elongation is equated to one tithi and 360 degrees or one full circle is one Luni-Solar Month, or in short Lunar Month of Hindus (Chāndra-māsa). Counting of tithis begin from New Moon to next New Moon, but counting of Luni-Solar months start and end with Full Moon, as the term "Poorna-māsi" implies. This system existed even in earliest Vedic era, as the very name of first Vedic yajna "Darshapoornamāsi" implies : Darsha means New Moon and Poorna-māsi means Completion of Month on Full Moon.

===='''Karana'''====
Karana is a subsidiary of Tithi, defined as exact half of a tithi.

===='''Rāsi'''====
Rasi and Nakshatra are interrelated and depend solely on Moon's absolute motion with respect to Fixed Sky.

===='''Nakshatra'''====

===='''Vāra'''====

Vāra is not a feature of Moon, but of Sun, and depends on topocentric Sunrise for a given place at earth's surface.

===='''Additional Elements of Panchānga'''====

===='''How to Read a Panchānga '''====

===='''Time System used in Panchānga'''====

'''Time Systems and Constituents of Time'''

'''Month : Solar and Lunar'''

'''Ahorātra'''

Ahorātra means the time from one Sunrise to next Sunrise at a given place on the surface of Earth. Literally, it means Day plus Night. It is not exactly equal to 24 hours, because Sunrise varies from day to day, while the modern measure of 'hour' is a constant defined on the basis of Atomic definition of a 'second' of time.

'''Ghati''' or Danda

====Subject matter and Uses of a panchānga====

The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

====Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas====

=== '''Other Key Concepts and Terms'''===

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive [[astrology]] has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and [[economy]], prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating Tantra and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current Yuga are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Gotama Samhitā : manuscript in Telugu script.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : one manuscript in [[Varanasi]], other in Bangla made public but unpublished, rest scattered.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.
* Bhrigu Yogāvali : in manuscript form.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Jātaka : Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Naṣṭa-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Prashna or Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Hastarekhā-shāstra or Palmistry====
====Mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or astrological features of different parts of body====
===Graha-shānti or Propitiation of Planets===
===Stri-Jātaka or Feminine Horoscopy===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2012-12-12T04:39:04Z

Vinay Jha:

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within astrology and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is ''''Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam'''', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===

'Sarga' is an essential chapter in every Purāna, which describes the process and [[mathematics]] of Creation and [[Yuga]]-cycles, which are common to all ancient siddhāntas of Jyotiṣa. Some Purānas provide greater details about mathematical portions of Jyotiṣa, while important aspects and rules of Phalita Jyotiṣa and Parvādi are scattered in various Purānas. Nārada Purāna devoted greatest space to Jyotiṣa. Mahā[[bhārata]] and Rāmāyana also contain many references to and uses of Jyotiṣa. For instance, Mahābhārata refers to the use of Sarvato-[[Bhadra]] [[Chakra]] which is an astrological tool fully described in ancient Yāmala [[Tantra]] literarure.

===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahābhārata (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

=='''Key Concepts : Elements of PANCHĀNGA'''==

==='''Grahas and their Characteristics'''===

==='''Characteristics of Five Limbs of PANCHĀNGA'''===

Moon is the fastest planet. Hence, elements related to motions of Moon are accorded highest priority in a religious almanac known as Panchānga (= "Five limbs") : Tithi, Karana, Rāsi, Nakshatra and Vāra.

===='''Tithi'''====
Tithi is Moon's Elongation or angular distance from Sun ; 12 degrees of elongation is equated to one tithi and 360 degrees or one full circle is one Luni-Solar Month, or in short Lunar Month of Hindus (Chāndra-māsa). Counting of tithis begin from New Moon to next New Moon, but counting of Luni-Solar months start and end with Full Moon, as the term "Poorna-māsi" implies. This system existed even in earliest Vedic era, as the very name of first Vedic yajna "Darshapoornamāsi" implies : Darsha means New Moon and Poorna-māsi means Completion of Month on Full Moon.

===='''Karana'''====
Karana is a subsidiary of Tithi, defined as exact half of a tithi.

===='''Rāsi'''====
Rasi and Nakshatra are interrelated and depend solely on Moon's absolute motion with respect to Fixed Sky.

===='''Nakshatra'''====

===='''Vāra'''====

Vāra is not a feature of Moon, but of Sun, and depends on topocentric Sunrise for a given place at earth's surface.

==='''Additional Elements of Panchānga'''===

==='''How to Read a Panchānga '''===

===='''Time System used in Panchānga'''====

'''Time Systems and Constituents of Time'''

'''Month : Solar and Lunar'''

'''Ahorātra'''

Ahorātra means the time from one Sunrise to next Sunrise at a given place on the surface of Earth. Literally, it means Day plus Night. It is not exactly equal to 24 hours, because Sunrise varies from day to day, while the modern measure of 'hour' is a constant defined on the basis of Atomic definition of a 'second' of time.

'''Ghati''' or Danda

====Subject matter and Uses of a panchānga====

The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive [[astrology]] has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and [[economy]], prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating Tantra and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current Yuga are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Gotama Samhitā : manuscript in Telugu script.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : one manuscript in [[Varanasi]], other in Bangla made public but unpublished, rest scattered.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.
* Bhrigu Yogāvali : in manuscript form.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Jātaka : Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Naṣṭa-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Prashna or Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Hastarekhā-shāstra or Palmistry====
====Mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or astrological features of different parts of body====
===Graha-shānti or Propitiation of Planets===
===Stri-Jātaka or Feminine Horoscopy===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2012-12-12T04:35:04Z

Vinay Jha:

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within astrology and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is ''''Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam'''', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===

'Sarga' is an essential chapter in every Purāna, which describes the process and [[mathematics]] of Creation and [[Yuga]]-cycles, which are common to all ancient siddhāntas of Jyotiṣa. Some Purānas provide greater details about mathematical portions of Jyotiṣa, while important aspects and rules of Phalita Jyotiṣa and Parvādi are scattered in various Purānas. Nārada Purāna devoted greatest space to Jyotiṣa. Mahā[[bhārata]] and Rāmāyana also contain many references to and uses of Jyotiṣa. For instance, Mahābhārata refers to the use of Sarvato-[[Bhadra]] [[Chakra]] which is an astrological tool fully described in ancient Yāmala [[Tantra]] literarure.

===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahābhārata (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

=='''Key Concepts : Elements of PANCHĀNGA'''==

==='''Grahas and their Characteristics'''===

===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

==='''Characteristics of Five Limbs of PANCHĀNGA'''===

Moon is the fastest planet. Hence, elements related to motions of Moon are accorded highest priority in a religious almanac known as Panchānga (= "Five limbs") : Tithi, Karana, Rāsi, Nakshatra and Vāra.

===='''Tithi'''====
Tithi is Moon's Elongation or angular distance from Sun ; 12 degrees of elongation is equated to one tithi and 360 degrees or one full circle is one Luni-Solar Month, or in short Lunar Month of Hindus (Chāndra-māsa). Counting of tithis begin from New Moon to next New Moon, but counting of Luni-Solar months start and end with Full Moon, as the term "Poorna-māsi" implies. This system existed even in earliest Vedic era, as the very name of first Vedic yajna "Darshapoornamāsi" implies : Darsha means New Moon and Poorna-māsi means Completion of Month on Full Moon.

===='''Karana'''====
Karana is a subsidiary of Tithi, defined as exact half of a tithi.

===='''Rāsi'''====
Rasi and Nakshatra are interrelated and depend solely on Moon's absolute motion with respect to Fixed Sky.

===='''Nakshatra'''====
===='''Vāra'''====

Vāra is not a feature of Moon, but of Sun, and depends on topocentric Sunrise for a given place at earth's surface.

==='''Additional Elements of Panchānga'''===

==='''How to Read a Panchānga '''===

===='''Time System used in Panchānga'''====

'''Time Systems and Constituents of Time'''

'''Month : Solar and Lunar'''

'''Ahorātra'''

Ahorātra means the time from one Sunrise to next Sunrise at a given place on the surface of Earth. Literally, it means Day plus Night. It is not exactly equal to 24 hours, because Sunrise varies from day to day, while the modern measure of 'hour' is a constant defined on the basis of Atomic definition of a 'second' of time.

'''Ghati''' or Danda

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive [[astrology]] has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and [[economy]], prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating Tantra and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current Yuga are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Gotama Samhitā : manuscript in Telugu script.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : one manuscript in [[Varanasi]], other in Bangla made public but unpublished, rest scattered.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.
* Bhrigu Yogāvali : in manuscript form.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Jātaka : Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Naṣṭa-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Prashna or Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Hastarekhā-shāstra or Palmistry====
====Mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or astrological features of different parts of body====
===Graha-shānti or Propitiation of Planets===
===Stri-Jātaka or Feminine Horoscopy===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2012-12-12T04:23:45Z

Vinay Jha:

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within astrology and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is ''''Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam'''', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===

'Sarga' is an essential chapter in every Purāna, which describes the process and [[mathematics]] of Creation and [[Yuga]]-cycles, which are common to all ancient siddhāntas of Jyotiṣa. Some Purānas provide greater details about mathematical portions of Jyotiṣa, while important aspects and rules of Phalita Jyotiṣa and Parvādi are scattered in various Purānas. Nārada Purāna devoted greatest space to Jyotiṣa. Mahā[[bhārata]] and Rāmāyana also contain many references to and uses of Jyotiṣa. For instance, Mahābhārata refers to the use of Sarvato-[[Bhadra]] [[Chakra]] which is an astrological tool fully described in ancient Yāmala [[Tantra]] literarure.

===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahābhārata (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

=='''Key Concepts : Elements of PANCHĀNGA'''==

==='''Grahas and their Characteristics'''===

===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

==='''Characteristics of Five Limbs of PANCHĀNGA'''===

Moon is the fastest planet. Hence, elements related to motions of Moon are accorded highest priority in a religious almanac known as Panchānga (= "Five limbs") : Tithi, Karana, Rāsi, Nakshatra and Vāra. The last is not a feature of Moon, but of Sun, and depends on topocentric Sunrise for a given place at earth's surface. Karana is a subsidiary of Tithi, while Rasi and Nakshatra are interrelated and depend solely on Moon's absolute motion with respect to Fixed Sky. Tithi is Moon's Elongation or angular distance from Sun ; 12 degrees of elongation is equated to one tithi and 360 degrees or one full circle is one Luni-Solar Month, or in short Lunar Month of Hindus (Chāndra-māsa). Counting of tithis begin from New Moon to next New Moon, but counting of Luni-Solar months start and end with Full Moon, as the term "Poorna-māsi" implies. This system existed even in earliest Vedic era, as the very name of first Vedic yajna "Darshapoornamāsi" implies : Darsha means New Moon and Poorna-māsi means Completion of Month on Full Moon.

===='''Tithi'''====
===='''Karana'''====
===='''Rāsi'''====
===='''Nakshatra'''====
===='''Vāra'''====

==='''Additional Elements of Panchānga'''===

==='''How to Read a Panchānga '''===

===='''Time System used in Panchānga'''====

'''Time Systems and Constituents of Time'''

'''Month : Solar and Lunar'''

'''Ahorātra'''

Ahorātra means the time from one Sunrise to next Sunrise at a given place on the surface of Earth. Literally, it means Day plus Night. It is not exactly equal to 24 hours, because Sunrise varies from day to day, while the modern measure of 'hour' is a constant defined on the basis of Atomic definition of a 'second' of time.

'''Ghati''' or Danda

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive [[astrology]] has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and [[economy]], prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating Tantra and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current Yuga are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Gotama Samhitā : manuscript in Telugu script.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : one manuscript in [[Varanasi]], other in Bangla made public but unpublished, rest scattered.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.
* Bhrigu Yogāvali : in manuscript form.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Jātaka : Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Naṣṭa-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Prashna or Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Hastarekhā-shāstra or Palmistry====
====Mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or astrological features of different parts of body====
===Graha-shānti or Propitiation of Planets===
===Stri-Jātaka or Feminine Horoscopy===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2012-12-12T04:12:23Z

Vinay Jha:

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within astrology and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===

'Sarga' is an essential chapter in every Purāna, which describes the process and [[mathematics]] of Creation and [[Yuga]]-cycles, which are common to all ancient siddhāntas of Jyotiṣa. Some Purānas provide greater details about mathematical portions of Jyotiṣa, while important aspects and rules of Phalita Jyotiṣa and Parvādi are scattered in various Purānas. Nārada Purāna devoted greatest space to Jyotiṣa. Mahā[[bhārata]] and Rāmāyana also contain many references to and uses of Jyotiṣa. For instance, Mahābhārata refers to the use of Sarvato-[[Bhadra]] [[Chakra]] which is an astrological tool fully described in ancient Yāmala [[Tantra]] literarure.

===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahābhārata (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

=='''Key Concepts : Elements of PANCHĀNGA'''==

==='''Grahas and their Characteristics'''===

===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

==='''Characteristics of Five Limbs of PANCHĀNGA'''===

Moon is the fastest planet. Hence, elements related to motions of Moon are accorded highest priority in a religious almanac known as Panchānga (= "Five limbs") : Tithi, Karana, Rāsi, Nakshatra and Vāra. The last is not a feature of Moon, but of Sun, and depends on topocentric Sunrise for a given place at earth's surface. Karana is a subsidiary of Tithi, while Rasi and Nakshatra are interrelated and depend solely on Moon's absolute motion with respect to Fixed Sky. Tithi is Moon's Elongation or angular distance from Sun ; 12 degrees of elongation is equated to one tithi and 360 degrees or one full circle is one Luni-Solar Month, or in short Lunar Month of Hindus (Chāndra-māsa). Counting of tithis begin from New Moon to next New Moon, but counting of Luni-Solar months start and end with Full Moon, as the term "Poorna-māsi" implies. This system existed even in earliest Vedic era, as the very name of first Vedic yajna "Darshapoornamāsi" implies : Darsha means New Moon and Poorna-māsi means Completion of Month on Full Moon.

==='''How to Read a Panchānga '''===

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive [[astrology]] has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and [[economy]], prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating Tantra and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current Yuga are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Gotama Samhitā : manuscript in Telugu script.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : one manuscript in [[Varanasi]], other in Bangla made public but unpublished, rest scattered.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.
* Bhrigu Yogāvali : in manuscript form.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Jātaka : Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Naṣṭa-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Prashna or Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Hastarekhā-shāstra or Palmistry====
====Mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or astrological features of different parts of body====
===Graha-shānti or Propitiation of Planets===
===Stri-Jātaka or Feminine Horoscopy===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2012-12-12T03:53:43Z

Vinay Jha:

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within astrology and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===

'Sarga' is an essential chapter in every Purāna, which describes the process and [[mathematics]] of Creation and [[Yuga]]-cycles, which are common to all ancient siddhāntas of Jyotiṣa. Some Purānas provide greater details about mathematical portions of Jyotiṣa, while important aspects and rules of Phalita Jyotiṣa and Parvādi are scattered in various Purānas. Nārada Purāna devoted greatest space to Jyotiṣa. Mahā[[bhārata]] and Rāmāyana also contain many references to and uses of Jyotiṣa. For instance, Mahābhārata refers to the use of Sarvato-[[Bhadra]] [[Chakra]] which is an astrological tool fully described in ancient Yāmala [[Tantra]] literarure.

===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahābhārata (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

=='''Key Concepts'''==

==='''Graha and their CharacteristicsFive Limbs of Panchānga : Rāsi'''===
==='''Characteristics of Five Limbs of Panchānga '''===
==='''How to Read a Panchānga '''===

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive [[astrology]] has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and [[economy]], prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating Tantra and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current Yuga are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Gotama Samhitā : manuscript in Telugu script.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : one manuscript in [[Varanasi]], other in Bangla made public but unpublished, rest scattered.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.
* Bhrigu Yogāvali : in manuscript form.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Jātaka : Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Naṣṭa-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Prashna or Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Hastarekhā-shāstra or Palmistry====
====Mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or astrological features of different parts of body====
===Graha-shānti or Propitiation of Planets===
===Stri-Jātaka or Feminine Horoscopy===

=='''PANCHĀNGA or religious almanac'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-20T15:50:23Z

Vinay Jha: correction

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within astrology and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive [[astrology]] has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Gotama Samhitā : manuscript in Telugu script.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : one manuscript in [[Varanasi]], other in Bangla made public but unpublished, rest scattered.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.
* Bhrigu Yogāvali : in manuscript form.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Jātaka : Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Naṣṭa-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Prashna or Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Hastarekhā-shāstra or Palmistry====
====Mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or astrological features of different parts of body====
===Graha-shānti or Propitiation of Planets===
===Stri-Jātaka or Feminine Horoscopy===

=='''PANCHĀNGA or religious almanac'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-20T15:46:46Z

Vinay Jha: Jātaka

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within astrology and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive [[astrology]] has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Gotama Samhitā : manuscript in Telugu script.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : one manuscript in [[Varanasi]], other in Bangla made public but unpublished, rest scattered.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.
* Bhrigu Yogāvali : in manuscript form.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Jātaka : Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Naṣṭa-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology (Prashna)===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-20T15:44:53Z

Vinay Jha: Prashna

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within astrology and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive [[astrology]] has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Gotama Samhitā : manuscript in Telugu script.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : one manuscript in [[Varanasi]], other in Bangla made public but unpublished, rest scattered.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.
* Bhrigu Yogāvali : in manuscript form.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology (Prashna)===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-20T15:43:16Z

Vinay Jha: correction

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within astrology and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive [[astrology]] has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Gotama Samhitā : manuscript in Telugu script.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : one manuscript in [[Varanasi]], other in Bangla made public but unpublished, rest scattered.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.
* Bhrigu Yogāvali : in manuscript form.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-18T11:43:34Z

Vinay Jha: /* SAMHITĀ */ manuscripts added

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Gotama Samhitā : manuscript in Telugu script.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : one manuscript in [[Varanasi]], other in Bangla made public but unpublished, rest scattered.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.
* Bhrigu Yogāvali : in manuscript form.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-18T10:02:18Z

Vinay Jha: /* Siddhānta */ major additions

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra).
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl).
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli).
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri).
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri), second chapter with Mr Vineet Kumar but not made public due to unknown reasons.
* Vriddha-Surya-Aruna-Karma-Vipākah (17 hundred verses in manuscript available).
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy, Hindi translation online but unreliable, [[Sanskrit]] version in Deoria (UP) and Hoshiarpur (Punjab) but not made public; fragments at pther places too.
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving.
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy.
* Bhrigu Nādi : three hundred verses available in manuscript, perhaps a fragment of Bhrigu Samhitā.

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T17:50:30Z

Vinay Jha: /* SAMHITĀ */ classification

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
=== Main Samhitā Texts===
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T17:49:08Z

Vinay Jha: minor

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts : Post-Purānic===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T17:47:14Z

Vinay Jha: classification

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T17:44:46Z

Vinay Jha: /* Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa */ hora

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, whose main branch is called Jātaka.
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''
Strictly speaking, Horā-shāstra is based on birth time of the native and therefore Jātaka is the only true branch of Horā, but Prashna, Sāmudrika and Svara-shāstra are helpful in Horā esp when birth time is unknown. Even when birth time in known these disciplines help in removing errors and arriving at greater and better details.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T17:30:05Z

Vinay Jha: /* SIDDHĀNTA */ classification

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T17:26:36Z

Vinay Jha: /* SIDDHĀNTA */ minor

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Death of Siddhānta : Graha-lāghava and afterwards'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T17:06:07Z

Vinay Jha: /* Extant Basic Texts */ minor

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a reasonably good astrologer according to modern standards, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T17:03:58Z

Vinay Jha: /* Extant Basic Texts */ astrologer

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine. There is a verse in Charana-vyuha which says that there were one lakh verses in Veda (only 20% has survived), one lakh is Mahā[[bhārata]] (almost entirely survived), one lakh in Vyākarana (mostly lost) and four lakhs in Jyotiṣa. But even the magnum opum of Phalita Jyotiṣa, namely BPHS (Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra) contains only four thousand (it is suspected to contain over ten thousand verses originally). Charana-vyuha is an ancient work and we have few texts of Jyotiṣa surviving from that time, and most of those surviving texts have been mutilated and distorted. Yet, enough remains to enable a person becoming a good astrologer, provided the conditions mentioned in BPHS for becoming a good astrologer are fulfilled : deft in Ganita and Horā as well as in [[Sanskrit grammar]] and Nyāya, intelligent, capable of deriving good inductions and deductions, knower of Desha and Kāla, and Jitendriya (brahmachāri). Few astrologers fulfill these conditions laid down by Sage Parāshara.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T16:48:14Z

Vinay Jha: /* Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa */ classification corrected

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes apaurusheya and paurusheya on whose basis later [[Tantra]] and Karana texts were derived.
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# Tantra (astrological) method and texts, different from philosophical Tantra
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' , which includes :
*# '''Medini''' Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T16:44:54Z

Vinay Jha: /* Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa */ classification corrected

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
*# Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
*# Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
*# [[Tantra]] method and texts
*# Karana method and texts
*# Drig-ganita or physical astronomy
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# '''Medin'''i Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
*# '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
*# '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
*# '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
*# '''Svara-shāstra'''

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a Tantra variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T16:41:39Z

Vinay Jha: /* Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa */ classification corrected

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# '''Medin'''i Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens)
*# Diverse topics like astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
** '''Svara-shāstra'''

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T16:38:04Z

Vinay Jha: /* Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa */ bold

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# '''Medin'''i Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# '''84 Chakras''' (astrological) which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# '''Muhurta''' (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# '''Vāstu'''-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like '''Shakuna'''-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** '''Jātaka''' which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** '''Prashna''' (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** '''Sāmudrika''' shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
** '''Svara-shāstra'''

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T16:35:40Z

Vinay Jha: svara

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
** Svara-shāstra

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Svara-shāstra===
It studies twenty svara chakras for deducing astrological implications without birthdata.
===Horary Astrology===
===Sāmudrika-shāstra===
====Palmistry====
====mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features====
====Anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body====
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Feminine Jātaka===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T16:29:36Z

Vinay Jha: /* Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa */ Svara-shāstra

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.
** Svara-shāstra

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T16:27:56Z

Vinay Jha: /* SAMHITĀ */ typo

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Rāvaṇa Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T16:25:30Z

Vinay Jha: /* Notes & References */ typo

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T16:22:00Z

Vinay Jha: /* TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies */ Guru-shiṣya tradition

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups
** Ancient Guru-shiṣya tradition

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}]]

Jyotish

2011-11-17T16:18:48Z

Vinay Jha: /* Elements of Natal Horoscopy : */ typo

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope''' : In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}]]

Jyotish

2011-11-17T16:18:08Z

Vinay Jha: /* Elements of Natal Horoscopy : */ horoscope detailed

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query. Normally, planetary table, Rāsi chart, [[Bhāva]]-chalita chart (D1 or first divisional or lagna-kundali), Navamāmsha chart or D9, Varsha-phala and Vimshottari-dashā table of D1 are considered to be essential parts of every horoscope, and extra elements are included if the query demands so. With the advent of computers, detailed horoscopes can be now produced with little effort.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope'''
In spite of help from computers, few astrologers can make predictions with confidence, because of the large number of charts and tables to be analyzed and also due to many wrong practices learnt from roadside books. Some astrological Yogas or combinations in one's own horoscope are essential for enabling one to become a successful astrologer. Yet, there are some essentials which must be followed for interpreting a horoscope, which are described in BPHS and Laghu Parāshari.

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}]]

Jyotish

2011-11-17T16:08:57Z

Vinay Jha: /* Elements of Natal Horoscopy : */typo

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]
* Drishti (aspects)
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Ārudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Āyu or Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtaka-varga
* Sudarshana-[[chakra]]
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope''' : It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query.
** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope'''

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, [[Yoga]] and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious [[festivals]] and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary [[Organizations]] and [[Institutions]]
** Internet Groups

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}]]

Jyotish

2011-11-17T15:44:10Z

Vinay Jha: /* Elements of Natal Horoscopy : */ minor

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala
* Drishti (aspects
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Arudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtakavarga
* Sudarshanchakra
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha :
** '''What Elements Constitute A Horoscope'''
It is wrong to assume that a horoscope is a single chart. A horoscope or Janma-patri is a group of charts and tables together with their interpretation and remedies of diagnosed problems. What elements should be included or excluded from a horoscope depends upon nature of the query.

** '''How to Interpret a Horoscope'''

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, Yoga and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious festivals and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary Organizations and Institutions
** Internet Groups

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}]]

Jyotish

2011-11-17T15:38:26Z

Vinay Jha: minor

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
* Yāmala Tantras
* Narapatijayacharyā
* Krishi Parāshara
* Makaranda Prakāsha
* Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important extant text, based on ancient rules but incorporating mediaeval regional diversities as well.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
* Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
* Vishvakarman-prakāsha
* Mayamatam
* Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala
* Drishti (aspects
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Arudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtakavarga
* Sudarshanchakra
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha : '''How to Interpret a Horoscope'''

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, Yoga and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious festivals and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching
** Universities and Vidyāpeethas
** Voluntary Organizations and Institutions
** Internet Groups

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}]]

Jyotish

2011-11-17T15:33:46Z

Vinay Jha: /* SAMHITĀ */ corrections

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited, translated and published by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in fragments and in secrecy
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished but surviving in secrecy
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished but surviving

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira which is almost encyclopaedic in nature.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :
=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
** Yāmala Tantras
** Narapatijayacharyā
** Krishi Parāshara
** Makaranda Prakāsha
** Kādambini, etc
=== Muhurta===
Muhurta Chintāmani is the most important text.
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
** Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
** Vishvakarman-prakāsha
** Mayamatam
** Later texts
=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala
* Drishti (aspects
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Arudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtakavarga
* Sudarshanchakra
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha : '''How to Interpret a Horoscope'''

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, Yoga and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious festivals and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}]]

Jyotish

2011-11-17T15:26:57Z

Vinay Jha: minor

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :

=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
** Yāmala Tantras
** Narapatijayacharyā
** Krishi Parāshara
** Makaranda Prakāsha
** Kādambini, etc

=== Muhurta : Muhurta Chintāmani===
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
** Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
** Vishvakarman-prakāsha
** Mayamatam
** later texts

=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala
* Drishti (aspects
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Arudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtakavarga
* Sudarshanchakra
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha : '''How to Interpret a Horoscope'''

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''PANCHĀNGA'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
The word Panchānga means "Five limbs", i.e., Tithi, Karana, Nakshatra, Yoga and Vāra. All these five elements depend on motions of Moon and Sun and require high degree of accuracy due to fast motion of Moon. Moreover, these elements exert greater astrological influence than other planets. That is why religious almanac has come be labeled as 'Panchānga'. But a Panchānga should contain planetary data and table of ascendants for facilitating handy computation of horoscopes, and religious festivals and muhurtas (auspicious moments for diverse activities) are also provided in a normal Panchānga. A good Panchānga contains much extra related information as well and is published once a year. Beginning of religious year for publishing Panchāngas is not same for entire India, but beginning of white half of Chaitra is generally accepted as the start of religious (and traditional calendar) year by most Hindus. Sun's entry into nirayana (sidereal) Mesha is the mathematical New Year of Hindus.

===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}]]

Jyotish

2011-11-17T15:16:51Z

Vinay Jha: /* HORĀ */ minor

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :

=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
** Yāmala Tantras
** Narapatijayacharyā
** Krishi Parāshara
** Makaranda Prakāsha
** Kādambini, etc

=== Muhurta : Muhurta Chintāmani===
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
** Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
** Vishvakarman-prakāsha
** Mayamatam
** later texts

=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
* Grahas and astrological attributes
* Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes
* Lagna, Bhāvas and significance
* Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using
* Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala
* Drishti (aspects
* Dashās : Moon based, and other types
* Pada : Arudha and Upapada
* Argalā and Bādhaka
* Kāraka
* Svāmsha
* Yogas
* Longevity
* Varshaphala and Tājika
* Ashtakavarga
* Sudarshanchakra
* Sarvatobhadra Chakra in Natal Horoscopy
* Phalādesha : '''How to Interpret a Horoscope'''

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''Panchanga'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}]]

Jyotish

2011-11-17T15:13:35Z

Vinay Jha: restructure

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Historical Evolution'''==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Extant Basic Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''' (BPHS), originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. Extant portions of Lomasha Samhitā and some other texts are also helpful in Horā, but BPHS remains the mainstay of Phalita. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :

=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
** Yāmala Tantras
** Narapatijayacharyā
** Krishi Parāshara
** Makaranda Prakāsha
** Kādambini, etc

=== Muhurta : Muhurta Chintāmani===
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
** Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
** Vishvakarman-prakāsha
** Mayamatam
** later texts

=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
====Grahas and astrological attributes====
====Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes====
====Lagna, Bhāvas and significance====
====Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using====
====Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]====
====Drishti (aspects)====
====Dashās : Moon based, and other types====
====Pada : Arudha and Upapada====
====Argalā and Bādhaka====
====Kāraka====
====Svāmsha====
====Yogas====
====Longevity====
====Varshaphala and Tājika====
====Ashtakavarga====
====Sudarshanchakra====
====Sarvatobhadra in Natal Horoscopy====
====Phalādesha : How to Interpret a Horoscope====

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''Panchanga'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T14:52:31Z

Vinay Jha: /* SAMHITĀ */ misc

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''', originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

==Historical Evolution==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :

=== Medini Jyotiṣa===
** Yāmala Tantras
** Narapatijayacharyā
** Krishi Parāshara
** Makaranda Prakāsha
** Kādambini, etc

=== Muhurta : Muhurta Chintāmani===
=== Sāmudrika shāstra===
** Palmistry
=== Vāstu Shāstra===
** Vishvakarman-prakāsha
** Mayamatam
** later texts

=== Shakuna Shāstra===
=== Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)===

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
====Grahas and astrological attributes====
====Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes====
====Lagna, Bhāvas and significance====
====Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using====
====Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]====
====Drishti (aspects)====
====Dashās : Moon based, and other types====
====Pada : Arudha and Upapada====
====Argalā and Bādhaka====
====Kāraka====
====Svāmsha====
====Yogas====
====Longevity====
====Varshaphala and Tājika====
====Ashtakavarga====
====Sudarshanchakra====
====Sarvatobhadra in Natal Horoscopy====
====Phalādesha : How to Interpret a Horoscope====

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''Panchanga'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T14:49:35Z

Vinay Jha: /* SIDDHĀNTA */

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''', originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

==Historical Evolution==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

==='''Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta'''===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :

* Medini Jyotiṣa
** Yāmala Tantras
** Narapatijayacharyā
** Krishi Parāshara
** Makaranda Prakāsha
** Kādambini, etc

* Muhurta : Muhurta Chintāmani
* Sāmudrika shāstra
** Palmistry
* Vāstu Shāstra
** Vishvakarman-prakāsha
** Mayamatam
** later texts

* Shakuna Shāstra
* Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
====Grahas and astrological attributes====
====Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes====
====Lagna, Bhāvas and significance====
====Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using====
====Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]====
====Drishti (aspects)====
====Dashās : Moon based, and other types====
====Pada : Arudha and Upapada====
====Argalā and Bādhaka====
====Kāraka====
====Svāmsha====
====Yogas====
====Longevity====
====Varshaphala and Tājika====
====Ashtakavarga====
====Sudarshanchakra====
====Sarvatobhadra in Natal Horoscopy====
====Phalādesha : How to Interpret a Horoscope====

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''Panchanga'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T14:48:21Z

Vinay Jha: /* SIDDHĀNTA */

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''', originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

==Historical Evolution==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

=== ""Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta"" ===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :

* Medini Jyotiṣa
** Yāmala Tantras
** Narapatijayacharyā
** Krishi Parāshara
** Makaranda Prakāsha
** Kādambini, etc

* Muhurta : Muhurta Chintāmani
* Sāmudrika shāstra
** Palmistry
* Vāstu Shāstra
** Vishvakarman-prakāsha
** Mayamatam
** later texts

* Shakuna Shāstra
* Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
====Grahas and astrological attributes====
====Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes====
====Lagna, Bhāvas and significance====
====Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using====
====Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]====
====Drishti (aspects)====
====Dashās : Moon based, and other types====
====Pada : Arudha and Upapada====
====Argalā and Bādhaka====
====Kāraka====
====Svāmsha====
====Yogas====
====Longevity====
====Varshaphala and Tājika====
====Ashtakavarga====
====Sudarshanchakra====
====Sarvatobhadra in Natal Horoscopy====
====Phalādesha : How to Interpret a Horoscope====

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''Panchanga'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T12:40:35Z

Vinay Jha: /* SIDDHĀNTA */ drig

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''', originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

==Historical Evolution==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

===""Graha-lāghava : Death of Siddhānta""===
Graha-lāghava by [[Ganesha]] Daivajna, based on base year as 1528 AD, removed mathematical operations and functions like sine, cosine, etc and provided handy tables for panchanga making based on crude metthods. Therefore, it became extremely popular and people lost interest in studying siddhānta. But the most important contribution of Graha-lāghava has not been highlighted : it is the first Indian text which proposed Drig-ganita should be followed in astrology. Before it, some isolated attempts were made, notably in Kerala, but with almost no success. Graha-lāghava succeeded in replacing non-Drik traditional siddhāntic method from a large part of India with its crude approach which was a mix of diverse siddhāntas without taking any help from empirical observation. Therefore, it was neither siddhāntic nor scientific ('scientific here means Drik or empirical). As a result of influence of Graha-lāghava, followers of Suryasiddhāntic Makaranda method omitted Mandaphalārdha correction since 16th century because Diwākara Daivajna advised that doing so will make planets Drik, ie, conform to empirical observations. Although this proposal was wrong, it was accepted, and thereafter siddhāntic panchāngas ceased to be made despite claims. Diwākara's brother Kamlākara Bhatta was a great mathematician and authored opposed Diwākara's proposal but few listened to him.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :

* Medini Jyotiṣa
** Yāmala Tantras
** Narapatijayacharyā
** Krishi Parāshara
** Makaranda Prakāsha
** Kādambini, etc

* Muhurta : Muhurta Chintāmani
* Sāmudrika shāstra
** Palmistry
* Vāstu Shāstra
** Vishvakarman-prakāsha
** Mayamatam
** later texts

* Shakuna Shāstra
* Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
====Grahas and astrological attributes====
====Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes====
====Lagna, Bhāvas and significance====
====Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using====
====Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]====
====Drishti (aspects)====
====Dashās : Moon based, and other types====
====Pada : Arudha and Upapada====
====Argalā and Bādhaka====
====Kāraka====
====Svāmsha====
====Yogas====
====Longevity====
====Varshaphala and Tājika====
====Ashtakavarga====
====Sudarshanchakra====
====Sarvatobhadra in Natal Horoscopy====
====Phalādesha : How to Interpret a Horoscope====

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''Panchanga'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T12:17:48Z

Vinay Jha: /* SAMHITĀ */ classification

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''', originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

==Historical Evolution==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Most famous Samhitā text of later period is '''Brihat-Samhitā''' of Varāha Mihira.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :

* Medini Jyotiṣa
** Yāmala Tantras
** Narapatijayacharyā
** Krishi Parāshara
** Makaranda Prakāsha
** Kādambini, etc

* Muhurta : Muhurta Chintāmani
* Sāmudrika shāstra
** Palmistry
* Vāstu Shāstra
** Vishvakarman-prakāsha
** Mayamatam
** later texts

* Shakuna Shāstra
* Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
====Grahas and astrological attributes====
====Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes====
====Lagna, Bhāvas and significance====
====Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using====
====Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]====
====Drishti (aspects)====
====Dashās : Moon based, and other types====
====Pada : Arudha and Upapada====
====Argalā and Bādhaka====
====Kāraka====
====Svāmsha====
====Yogas====
====Longevity====
====Varshaphala and Tājika====
====Ashtakavarga====
====Sudarshanchakra====
====Sarvatobhadra in Natal Horoscopy====
====Phalādesha : How to Interpret a Horoscope====

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''Panchanga'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T12:12:50Z

Vinay Jha: capitalization

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''', originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

==Historical Evolution==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''SIDDHĀNTA'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''SAMHITĀ'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :

* Medini Jyotiṣa
* Yāmala Tantras, Narapatijayacharyā, Krishi Parāshara, Makaranda Prakash,etc
* Muhurta : Muhurta Chintāmani
* Sāmudrika shāstra
* Vāstu Shāstra : Vishvakarman-prakāsha, Mayamatam, later texts.
* Shakuna Shāstra
* Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)

=='''HORĀ'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
====Grahas and astrological attributes====
====Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes====
====Lagna, Bhāvas and significance====
====Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using====
====Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]====
====Drishti (aspects)====
====Dashās : Moon based, and other types====
====Pada : Arudha and Upapada====
====Argalā and Bādhaka====
====Kāraka====
====Svāmsha====
====Yogas====
====Longevity====
====Varshaphala and Tājika====
====Ashtakavarga====
====Sudarshanchakra====
====Sarvatobhadra in Natal Horoscopy====
====Phalādesha : How to Interpret a Horoscope====

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''Panchanga'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''MODERN INNOVATIONS in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==TEACHING of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
{{reflist}}

Jyotish

2011-11-17T12:07:09Z

Vinay Jha: typo

{{Author|Vinay Jha}}

[[Jyotisha]] (ज्योतिष) is the traditional Indian system of [[astrology]]<ref>[[Astronomy]] was considered to be a sub-topic within [[astrology]] and as such, Jyotiṣa includes topics related to astronomy.</ref> rooted in Vedic-Purānic tradition. It is often called Vedic Jyotiṣa by its practitioners and [[Hindu]] or Indian astrology by foreigners. Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga or an auxiliary text to the the [[Veda]].

Jyotiṣa reasons out destiny in terms of [[Karma phala]]<ref>[[Karma]] phala loosely translates into the fruits of action</ref> and its predictions are reflections of karma phalas. Shortest and best definition of Jyotiṣa is 'Karma-phala-vipāka-kāla-vidhānam', i.e., set of rules for timing of fruition of past actions. All actions do not bear fruits instantly. Some results may be instantaneous while others may be deep and far reaching, often going beyond a single life. Jyotiṣa studies these obscure fruits of actions which we do not even remember. Destiny or prārabdha is that part of fruits of past actions which has become dominant and has pushed other fruits into backfround because they do not match with the dominant group of fruits which have resulted into one's birth in this world.

== '''Sub-divisions of Jyotiṣa'''==
Vedic Jyotiṣa has two branches, Ganita (Siddhānta) and Phalita (Samhitā plus Horā). Ganita means [[mathematics]], but in practice it does not include the calculations involved in making horoscopes and predictions, it is merely a synonym for Siddhānta in the parlance of traditional jyotishis. Phalita or predictive astrology has two main branches, Samhitā and Horā, which have many sub-branches as shown below. But in actual practice, Samhitā and Horā are enumerated as separate branches due to vast difference in their subject matter, and traditional taxonomy talks of three skandhas or divisions of Jyotiṣa : Siddhānta, Horā and Samhitā, and every good Jyotiṣi was expected to be adept in all three divisions of Tri-skandha Jyotiṣa-shāstra.

* '''Siddhānta''', which literally means "theory" (siddha+anta", ie "established conclusions") is traditional [[astronomy]] for special uses of astrology, which has many varieties broadly divided into two classes
** Original apaurusheya Siddhāntas, 18 in number, propounded by sages or gods
** Man-made or paurusheya siddhāntas, five ancient siddhāntas and another set of five later siddhāntas now used by traditional panchānga<ref>a panchānga is the calendar or religious almanac</ref> makers.
* '''Samhita''' which includes
*# Medini Jyotiṣa (mundane astrology) or predictive astrology of territorial regions and is used for predicting important events such as earthquakes, weather events like storms or rains, war, national politics and economy, prices (argha-kānda), etc, based on analysis of astrological dynamics in the horoscope of a territorial region of all sizes including whole world, and/or general transit events (graha-chāra).
*# Astrological Chakras, 84 in number, which are widely used in Medini Jyotiṣa as well as in Horā, such as Panch-shalākā or Sarvatobhadra chakras which originated in archaic Yāmala Tantras.
*# Muhurta (electional astrology) for finding auspicious timing of important events and actions like war, marriage, travel, etc.
*# Vāstu-shāstra which is used for construction of houses, [[temples]], forts and towns. Varāha Mihira included iconography and [[sculpture]] under Samhitā.
*# Diverse topics like Shakuna-shāstra (omens), astrological and similar attributes of materials, trees, animals, regal attributes and items, etc.
* '''Horā''' : predictive astrology of individuals, which has three branches
** Jātaka which is used to analyze natal horoscopes (birth charts) known as janma-kundali. It includes Varshaphala. One of its branch Nasta-Jātaka studies those persons whose birth details are unknown.
** Prashna (horary astrology) from which horoscopes based on the moment and a query are made. Prashna is also used to make hosocopes without birthdata in Nasta-Jātaka.
** Sāmudrika shāstra studies palmistry, mukhākriti-vijnānam or study of facial features, anga-lakshanam or features of different parts of body, etc and correlate these things with planets of horoscopes.

==[[Origins]]==
Jyotiṣa is a Vedānga<ref>A vedānga is an auxiliary discipline to the [[Veda]].</ref>. The first ever record for Jyotiṣa is found in the Veda. The earliest reference to Jyotiṣa as a vedānga is found in the Mundaka [[Upanishad]] and Chāndogya Upanishada also mentions it as a distinct discipline. The first Vedic [[Yajna]] in [[Yajurveda]] is Darsha-paurnamāsa [[Yajna]], which needed correct timing of tithis (eg, New Moon or Darsha, and Full Moon or Poornamāsa). [[Vedas]] are concerned with Yajnas which can be performed only at astrologically auspicious moments. Jyotiṣa has been referred to as the Eye of Veda.

=='''Texts'''==
The main phalita text of Jyotiṣa is the '''Brihat Pārāshara Horā Shāstra''', originally called Pārāshari Horā, which belongs to the last phase of [[Dvāpara]] Age. Four chapters of '''Jaimini Sutra''' have also survived. The most revered siddhāntic text of Jyotiṣa is '''Suryasiddhānta''' which states it was given by Lord Surya at the tail end of Krit [[Yuga]]. The earliest paurusheya (man-made) texts of Jyotiṣa , such as Panchsiddhāntika by Varāha Mihira, eulogize Suryasiddhānta as divine.

==Historical Evolution==
==='''Vedānga Jyotiṣa''' of Lagadha===
Vedānga Jyotiṣa is not one but three different texts :
* Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa (44 verses, some versions have 49)
* Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses)
* [[Atharva]]-Jyotiṣa (163 verses).

Verse 2 of Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa define the subject of these treatises : '''finding the appropriate time for performing Yajñas''' ("Yajña-kālārtha-siddhayaye").

But Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (2nd verse) mentions Mahatmā Lagadha as the original composer of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa. It means the extant version was written in the post-Vedic period by someone else, while the original texts were composed by the sage Lagadha in Vedic period. Yajñas were performed during the Vedic Age and Yajña needed correct timing, which is proven by the name of first Vedic Yajña ([[Darśa]]-paurnamāsa ; Darśa means amāvasa).

Verse 18 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa and verse 14 in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa (36 verses) gives a list of 27 Nakṣatras, excluding Abijit. Atharva-Jyotiṣa also gives only 27 Tāras (Nakṣatras beginning with birth-Nakṣatras as Janma-Tāra).

Verse 5 in Yājuṣa-Jyotiṣa ("Mīnāt prabhṛti Raśayaḥ") and Verse 4 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa are the earliest direct references to Raśi in ancient literature.

Atharva-Jyotiṣa is most detailed of these three texts, and gives detailed proofs pf phalita (predictive) Jyotiṣa in the Vedic period. Yajñas were performed for obtaining "phala". But only a tip of the iceberg has survived : verse 3 of Ārcha-Jyotiṣa says the motions of heavenly bodies are "completely" described in Ārcha-Jyotiṣa, but only 36 verses are extant now.

===Jyotiṣa in Vedic literature===
Tāṇḍya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Tāṇḍya Brāhmaṇa 23.23.3</ref> also mentions only 27. But the system of 28 Nakṣatras is also Vedic : [[Atharvaveda]] says "Abhijit me rāsatām puṇyameva" ; Taittiriya [[Brāhma]]ṇa<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.1 ; 3.1.1</ref> mentions Abhijit by name and gives 28 Nakṣatras<ref>Taittiriya Brāhmaṇa 1.5.3.4</ref>. Hence, like modern Vedis Jyotiṣa, both systems of 27 and 28 Nakṣatras prevailed from the earliest times, 27 being used for general purposes and 28 being reserved for special uses.

===Jyotiṣa in Purānic and Epic literature===
===Jyotiṣa in Jain literature===
===Ancient Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Mediaeval Jyotiṣa Texts===
===Modern Jyotiṣa Texts===

=='''Siddhānta'''==
Ganita or Siddhānta skandha (branch) of [[Jyotisha]] is traditionally sub-divided into three sub-branches :

=== '''Siddhānta'''===
It provides planetary calculations together all requisite formulas and their geometry from the beginning of Creation and provides details of all periods and sub-periods of entire [[Kalpa]] or Day of Lord Brahmā of 4.32 billion years, of which 1,955,885,111 years (in 2011 AD) have elapsed since the beginning of present Creation. In actual practice, no siddhānta is directly used for panchangas or horoscopes, because it is very difficult to make each and every computation from the beginning of Creation. Siddhānta is used only for creating [[Tantra]] and Karana texts for practical purposes.

=== '''Tantra'''===
When planetary positions at the onset of current [[Yuga]] are tabulated and computations for succeeding years are made on the basis of these tables, the technique is called Tantra in Jyotisha. It has nothing to do with Tantra of philosophy. The only available Tantra text is Soma-Siddhānta which gives calculations from the beginning of Kaliyuga. Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta enables one to make computations from the beginning of Creation, but also gives planetary positions at the end of recent Krit Yuga (beginning of Tretā Yuga), hence it provided Tretā Yuga's Tantra method as well.

=== '''Karana'''===
When starting point of Kaliyuga receded, Tantra method became difficult to use and Karana texts were created which used same method from some nearby year. Most famous Suryasiddhāntic Karana text is Makaranda Sārani, made for Shaka 1400 or 1478 AD. Its siddhantic version automatically updated for all eras is available in the form of free softwares : Kundalee and JHora-7.52 beta2 (constantly being updated).

=== '''Original 18 Siddhāntas'''===
[[Mahabharata]] (1.70.43) defined siddhānta as "siddha-paksha-sthāpanam", i.e., establisheg the proven theory. It is said there were 18 ancient siddhāntas, but when ancient siddhāntas are enumerated from diverse sources excluding all texts after 400 AD, the list crosses 18 :

* 1. Brahma-siddhānta or Pitāmaha
* 2. Surya-siddhānta
* 3. Soma-siddhānta
* 4. Brihaspai-siddhānta
* 5. Garga-siddhānta
* 6. Nārada-siddhānta
* 7. Parāshara-siddhānta
* 8. Paulastya-siddhānta
* 9. Vasishtha-siddhānta
* 10. Vyāsa-siddhānta
* 11. [[Atri]]-siddhānta
* 12. Kashyapa-siddhānta
* 13. Marichi-siddhānta
* 14. Manu-siddhānta
* 15. Angirasa-siddhānta
* 16. Lomasha-siddhānta
* 17. Pulisha-siddhānta
* 18. Bhrigu-siddhānta
* 19. Shaunaka-siddhānta (Soma-siddhānta ?)
* 20. Chyavana-siddhānta
* 21. Yavana-siddhānta

Soma-Siddhānta is a [[Tantra]] variety of Surya-Siddhānta. [[Narada]] [[Purana]] gives details of planetary calculations which are perfectly in harmony with Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunka Horā states that Kaushika Viswāmitra learned accurate astronomy from Maya who first got Surya-Siddhānta. Shaunaka-Siddhānta is stated by some to be same as Soma-Siddhānta. Yavana-Siddhānta cannot be included among archaic Siddhāntas given by rishis or gods. Omitting Yavana-Siddhānta from the list and considering two Siddhāntas to be mere synonymns of other siddhāntas, the list can be reduced to the customary number 18. It is wrong to assume that there were 18 different Siddhāntas warring against each other. There was only one Siddhānta received by sages in different eras. As Surya-siddhānta states (chapter-1, verse-9), same Surya-siddhānta was given with "Kālabheda" in different eras. Varāha Mihira says Surya-siddhānta is the Siddhānta of Vedic god Savitā. At present, Surya-Siddhānta and Soma-Siddhānta are available in full, the latter being a Tantra version of the former, and Nārada-Siddhānta is available in some detail in Nārada Purana, which shows no difference with Surya-siddhānta. Brahma-Siddhānta is said to emanate from Lord Brahmā and is available in some detail in Brahma Vaivarta Purana, but shows no difference with Surya-Siddhānta. All other Siddhāntas have been completely lost because they were no longer needed, as is the case with Soma-siddhānta which was useful during initial centuries of Kaliyuga as its formulations prove but nobody touches it now. Hence, Surya-Siddhānta seems to be the basis of all Siddhāntas which were Tāntric manifestations of same Surya-siddhānta for different eras with respective beeja-samskāras.

=== '''Archaic Five Siddhāntas''' in Varāha Mihira's Panchsiddhāntikā===
In his treatise Panchsiddhāntikā, Varāha Mihira mentions five Siddhāntas available in his era : Surya-Siddhānta, Paulisha-Siddhānta, Romaka-Siddhānta of yavanas, Paitamaha-Siddhānta and Vasishtha-Siddhānta, last two declared by him to be of no use in their extant forms, Surya-Siddhānta being the best. In Brihat Samhita too, Varāaha Mihira said that he used Surya-Siddhānta for computations.

=== '''Extant Five Siddhāntas''' used by modern traditional panchānga makers===
All traditional panchanga makers use either of the following five Siddhāntas directly or indirectly : Surya-Siddhānta, Brahma-Sphuta Siddhānta of [[Brahmagupta]], two Arya Siddhāntas of two Aryabhatas and Mahā-bhāskareeya of [[Bhāskara]]-i. Of these, Surya-Siddhānta is the only apaurusheya ancient text, others being beeja corrected versions made during 600-900 AD.

=== '''Beeja Samskāra'''===
In the chapter on Mean Motions (verse-9) in Surya-Siddhānta, it is said that this siddānta is given by Lord Surya in different eras with Kāla-[[bheda]], ie, with differences depending on Time. These differences must be in mean motions as the chapter's name suggests. Traditionally, such a difference is called "beeja-samskāra". Revolutions of a planet per Mahāyuga is called Yuga-bhagana. Texts give Yuga-bhagana in integers and fractional portion of Yuga-bhagana is added as beeja-samskāra. Makaranda-Vivarana by Daivajna Diwakara (17th century) gives the quantitative values of beeja-samskāra os various planets which were used in constructing Makaranda Tables in 1478 AD according to Surya-Siddhānta ("Shri Surya-Siddhānta matena..."). Unfortunately, many moderners not acquainted with traditional methods of panchānga makers now say that Surya-Siddhānta later became outdated and therefore beeja-samskāra was later introduced. Such a view is erroneous, because Surya-Siddhānta was never in conformity with physical astronomy and the divergence increases as we go back into past. Even after introducing beeja-samskāra, siddhāntic planetary positions do not come near to physical planets for any period of history. Ancients knew this problem. Vishni-dharmottara Purāna says : यन्त्रवेधादिना ज्ञातं यद्-बीजं गणकैस्ततः । ग्रहणादि परीक्षेत न तिथ्यादि कदाचन ।। I.e, for viewing eclipses &c, compute beeja according to observations from instruments &c, but never use this method for tithyādi. Nirnaya-sindhu, a respected text of [[Dharma]]-shāstra, also says : अदृष्टफलसिध्यर्थ यथार्कगणितं कुरु । गणितं यदि दृष्टार्थ तद्-दृष्ट्युद्भवस्सदा ।। I.e, use Surya-Siddhānta for getting astrological results. Surya-Siddhānta itself advocates and gives formulae for two types of drik-[[karma]]-samskāras for viewing observable phenomena like eclipses, heliacal risings and settings, etc, but prohibits such steps for getting True Planets. It means siddhāntic True Planets are meant especially for astrology and are bound to differ from observed positions of physical planets. The latter is termed Drig-ganita, and Surya-Siddhāntic computation is called [[Saura]]. Another point is noteworthy : beeja correction is advocated only in mean planetary positions and not in manda-phala (equation of centre) or shighra-phala (conversion of heliocentric to geocentric positions) as some enthusiasts like Sāmanta Chandra Shekhara and his unnamed predecessor in beejopanayanādhyāya of Surya-Siddhānta tried in vain. Drik-karma-samskāra is different from Beeja-samskāra.

=== '''Summary of Surya-Siddhānta'''===
Extant version of Surya-Siddhānta has 14 chapters, and the 15th chapter "beejopanayanādhyāya" is given within 14th chapter now because its original verses were mutilated and changed in mediaeval period by someone and are of no use now, but Makaranda Sarani and Makaranda Vivarana gives the method of getting Surya-Siddhāntic beeja values. The extant chapters are :
* 1. The Mean Motions of Planets
* 2. The True Places of Planets
* 3. Three Questions (Direction, Place and Time)
* 4. Lunar Eclipse
* 5. Solar Eclipse
* 6. Projection of Eclipses
* 7. Planetary Conjunction
* 8. Conjunctions of Asterisms and Planets
* 9. Heliacal Risings and Settings
* 10. Elevation of Moon's Cusps (and Moon;s Risings and Settings)
* 11. Pāta (Certain Malignant Aspects of Sun and Moon)
* 12. Geography (and Cosmogony, Dimensions of the Creation)
* 13. Instruction of Jyotisha (The Armillary Sphere and Other Instruments)
* 14. Different Modes of Reckoning Time
* 15. Beeja Correction (damaged chapter, included within 14th now)

===Comparison of other Siddhāntas with Suryasiddhānta===

=== Suryasiddhānta versus Drik-siddhānta controversy===

=='''Samhitā'''==
Samhitā branch has many extant texts composed by rishis, such as :
* Nārada Samhitā (edited by Rāmjanma Mishra)
* Kashyapa Samhitā (edited by Dr Bihārilāl)
* Vriddha Vasishtha Samhitā (edited, translated and published by Pt Chandramouli)
* Vasishtha Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Brihaspati Samhitā (edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Lomasha Samhitā (first chapter edited by Dr Girjā Shankar Shastri)
* Bhrigu Samhitā : unpublished
* Ravana Samhitā : unpublished
* Garga Samhitā : unpublished

Many Samhitā texts, esp of Bhrigu, Garga, Lomasha and Rāvana are believed to be present in the hands of individuals who hide them. Lomasha Samhitā had 60000 verses, but only 2% has been unearthed so far.

Some of these Samhitā texts contain invaluable information about Jātaka not found in any known text. Perhaps "Samhitā" included Jātaka and Siddhānta originally, and division into separate skandhas is a later phenomenon. Now, Samhitā includes only following topics :

* Medini Jyotiṣa
* Yāmala Tantras, Narapatijayacharyā, Krishi Parāshara, Makaranda Prakash,etc
* Muhurta : Muhurta Chintāmani
* Sāmudrika shāstra
* Vāstu Shāstra : Vishvakarman-prakāsha, Mayamatam, later texts.
* Shakuna Shāstra
* Misc (trees, minerals, animals, etc)

=='''Horā'''==
* Various Schools : ancient and modern
* Branches of Horā :
=== '''Elements of Natal Horoscopy :'''===
====Grahas and astrological attributes====
====Rāshis, Nakshatras and astrological attributes====
====Lagna, Bhāvas and significance====
====Shodasha-varga : methods of construction and techniques of using====
====Planetary strengths : Shadbala and vimshopaka-[[bala]]====
====Drishti (aspects)====
====Dashās : Moon based, and other types====
====Pada : Arudha and Upapada====
====Argalā and Bādhaka====
====Kāraka====
====Svāmsha====
====Yogas====
====Longevity====
====Varshaphala and Tājika====
====Ashtakavarga====
====Sudarshanchakra====
====Sarvatobhadra in Natal Horoscopy====
====Phalādesha : How to Interpret a Horoscope====

===Nashta-Jātaka : Casting Horoscope without Birthdata===
===Horary Astrology===
===Propitiation of Inauspicious Grahas===
===Misc (anga-lakshanam, feminine jātaka, etc)===

=='''Panchanga'''==
===Subject matter of a panchānga===
===Controversies about diversity of methods in making panchāngas===

=='''Modern Innovations in Jyotiṣa'''==
* Change in concept of Graha or planet
* Two definitions of Ayanāmsha
* Other controversies in Ganita and Phalita branches of Vedic Jyotiṣa

==Teaching of Jyotiṣa and controversies==
* Recognition of Jyotiṣa in universities and controversies
* Chief centres of Jyotiṣa teaching

==External Influences & Uses==
Jain astrologers use Vedic Jyotiṣa. Islamic astrology in India has made important two-way interactions with native Jyotiṣa and some contributions from Islamic astrology has been accepted as a part of Vedic Jyotiṣa by many practitioners mostly in Tajik method of Varshaphala (annual charts). Purists reject all Islamic influences.

==Related Articles==
* Astronomy

==Notes & References==
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