Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia - Recent changes [en]

History of Education

Himanshu Bhatt — Mon, 04 May 2026 17:41:25 GMT

added category

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	[[Category: Hindu history]]		[[Category: Hindu history]]
			[[Category: Education]]

Hinduism in California Textbooks

Himanshu Bhatt — Mon, 04 May 2026 17:41:17 GMT

added category

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:41, 4 May 2026
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	* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7h9l_j6rMyU Divyang Patel at CDE-IQC hearing on Sept 27th]		* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7h9l_j6rMyU Divyang Patel at CDE-IQC hearing on Sept 27th]
	* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9TXm5nYaQ8o Saketh, 9th grader on Sept 27th]		* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9TXm5nYaQ8o Saketh, 9th grader on Sept 27th]


			[[Category: Education]]

Ideals and Values

Himanshu Bhatt — Mon, 04 May 2026 17:41:02 GMT

added category

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	[[Category:Five Precepts]]		[[Category:Five Precepts]]
	[[Category:Core concepts]]		[[Category:Core concepts]]
			[[Category: Education]]

Gurukula

Himanshu Bhatt — Mon, 04 May 2026 17:40:46 GMT

References: category

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	[[Category:Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism]]		[[Category:Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism]]
			[[Category: Education]]

Gurukula Vyavastha

Himanshu Bhatt — Mon, 04 May 2026 17:40:25 GMT

References: added category

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:40, 4 May 2026
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	The [[dharma]] sastras, especially the [[Dharma]] Sutras of [[Kalpa]] (like [[Apastamba]] and [[Baudhayana]]) and metrical codes like Manusmriti lay down the outline of [[Gurukula Vyavastha]], how a guru should be, how a disciple should be, how instruction should be and so on.		The [[dharma]] sastras, especially the [[Dharma]] Sutras of [[Kalpa]] (like [[Apastamba]] and [[Baudhayana]]) and metrical codes like Manusmriti lay down the outline of [[Gurukula Vyavastha]], how a guru should be, how a disciple should be, how instruction should be and so on.


			[[Category: Education]]

Hindu Post-Secondary Institutes

Himanshu Bhatt — Mon, 04 May 2026 17:40:14 GMT

External Resources

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	[[Category:Organizations]]		[[Category:Organizations]]
	[[Category:Academic institutions]]		[[Category:Academic institutions]]
			[[Category: Education]]

Development of Land rights

Himanshu Bhatt — Mon, 04 May 2026 17:38:33 GMT

References

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	==References==		==References==
	* Sudheer Birodkar, "A [[Hindu]] History: A Search for our Present History". Reprinted with permission.		* Sudheer Birodkar, "A [[Hindu]] History: A Search for our Present History". Reprinted with permission.

			[[Category: Economics]]
			[[Category: Societal altruism]]

Shatata-Unnati

Himanshu Bhatt — Mon, 04 May 2026 17:38:18 GMT

References: added categories

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	[[Category: History]]		[[Category: History]]
			[[Category: Economics]]
			[[Category: Societal altruism]]

Economy

Himanshu Bhatt — Mon, 04 May 2026 17:36:39 GMT

History of Economics: added category

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	==History of Economics==		==History of Economics==
	* [[Development of Land rights]]		* [[Development of Land rights]]

			[[Category: Economics]]

Shatata-Unnati

Himanshu Bhatt — Mon, 04 May 2026 17:34:57 GMT

Royal authority to implement reforms

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 What is extraordinary in the case of India is that it was the religious institutions (Hindu organizations and schools) that made revolutionary changes, not normally secular or non-Hindu ones. Practicing Hindus saw that superstitious and chauvinistic practices had become institutionalized (caste system and misogyny) within Hindu society, so they formed associations to help, uplift, educate the destitute. They would even go steps further to privilege the marginalized through reservations.
-The top 3 champions who improved Indian women's political rights in the modern era were foreigners — Annie Besant, Dorothy Jinarajadasa, and Margaret Cousins. They did not tell Indian women to leave Hinduism but rather they themselves became Hindu in practice and Indian in habit. They then sought to restore the Vedic-era of womanhood wherein women had authority (i.e., to become clerics, scholars, and leaders.) Wanda Dynowska, a Polish convert to Sanatan Dharm too championed women's rights in India and translated ''Bhagavad Gita'', ''Mahabharata'', ''Ramayana'', and other Hindu and Bauddh literature into Polish.
+===Female upliftment===
 ==Start of modern reforms==
@@ Line 24: / Line 81: @@
 Arya Samajis, Brahmo Samajis, and Prarthana Samajis were the most vocal and active forces advocating:<br>
-) Women's right to divorce (i.e., Brahmo Marriage Act 1872)<br>
+#Women's right to divorce (i.e., Brahmo Marriage Act 1872)<br>
-) Property rights for women<br>
+#Property rights for women<br>
-) Opposition to child marriages (i.e., Age of Consent Act 1891)<br>
+#Opposition to child marriages (i.e., Age of Consent Act 1891)<br>
-) Universal accessible education (built schools, including colleges and gurukuls)<br>
+#Universal accessible education (built schools, including colleges and gurukuls)<br>
-) Caste-based reservations
+#Caste-based reservations
 ===Royal authority to implement reforms===
@@ Line 38: / Line 95: @@
 ;Prejudiced disgruntled castists against Arya Samaj universalism
 While Shahu was affiliated with the Satyashodhak Samaj, he did not feel they had any religious foundations, whereas the Arya Samaj was encompassed both a spiritual and social movement.<ref>"Beyond Reformism: Chhatrapati Shahu and Hinduism Reimagined" By Surajkumar Thube<br>P. 124-144 ''Nidān: International Journal for Indian Studies, Volume 8'', Issue 1 (July 2023)</ref> Also, the Satyashodhak Samaj was antithetical to social cohesion because it targeted the Brahman caste as an enemy, and while its main founder (Jyotirao Phule) made absurd claims like 'Shiv-Dharma'<ref>"''The real Shiv-Dharma that is ours, we are re-establishing it as Sarvajanik Satya Dharma.''"<br>Chapter 4, ''Sarvajanik Satya Pustak''</ref> or 'Mahadev-Dharma' (worship of [[Shiva|Shiv]] as God and some local gods like Khandoba as avatars) being the true religion of Indians whereas every other Hindu belief and practice was an imposition by 'non-Indian Brahman invaders'. Being a chauvinist, he also criticized freedom fighter martyrs Lakshmi Bai, Nana Sahib, Tantia Tope for being Brahmans. It is noteworthy however, that even some prominent members supported the Arya Samaj, like Krishnarao Bhalekar (1 of the founders) defended Dayanand Saraswati (Arya Samaj’s founder), when the latter’s procession was opposed by some orthodox Hindus in Pune, and Bhalekar organized a speech to be delivered by Saraswati at a dharmshal near a Rokdoba Temple in Pune.
 ;Granting, accommodating, and expanding Arya Samaj
@@ Line 73: / Line 132: @@
 |Sarala Devi Chaudhurani
 |Arya Samaji,<br>Brahmo Samaji,<br>accepted Bijoy Krishna Chattopadhyaya (alias Howrah's Thakur) as her guru
+|
 |-

Talk:Indian Freedom Fighters

Himanshu Bhatt — Sun, 03 May 2026 03:09:59 GMT

@@ Line 742: / Line 742: @@
 |Non-Member<br>(Rally Protestor)
 |Used Hindu imagery, including of Ram and Krishna, in his literature, and drew on spiritual themes to foster nationalism against British rule
 |-
 |Laxminarayan Das
@@ Line 1,071: / Line 1,078: @@
 |Member<br>(Leader)
 |Was an Arya Samaj monk,<br>drew from scriptures like Gita,<br>rallied people against Nizam,<br>became first President of the Hyderabad State Congress in 1947
 |-
 |}

Shatata-Unnati

Himanshu Bhatt — Sat, 02 May 2026 17:43:15 GMT

Hindu-led social betterment: added name of Wanda Dynowska

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:43, 2 May 2026
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	What is extraordinary in the case of India is that it was the religious institutions (Hindu organizations and schools) that made revolutionary changes, not normally secular or non-Hindu ones. Practicing Hindus saw that superstitious and chauvinistic practices had become institutionalized (caste system and misogyny) within Hindu society, so they formed associations to help, uplift, educate the destitute. They would even go steps further to privilege the marginalized through reservations.		What is extraordinary in the case of India is that it was the religious institutions (Hindu organizations and schools) that made revolutionary changes, not normally secular or non-Hindu ones. Practicing Hindus saw that superstitious and chauvinistic practices had become institutionalized (caste system and misogyny) within Hindu society, so they formed associations to help, uplift, educate the destitute. They would even go steps further to privilege the marginalized through reservations.

	The top 3 champions who improved Indian women's political rights in the modern era were foreigners — Annie Besant, Dorothy Jinarajadasa, and Margaret Cousins. They did not tell Indian women to leave Hinduism but rather they themselves became Hindu in practice and Indian in habit. They then sought to restore the Vedic-era of womanhood wherein women had authority (i.e., to become clerics, scholars, and leaders.)		The top 3 champions who improved Indian women's political rights in the modern era were foreigners — Annie Besant, Dorothy Jinarajadasa, and Margaret Cousins. They did not tell Indian women to leave Hinduism but rather they themselves became Hindu in practice and Indian in habit. They then sought to restore the Vedic-era of womanhood wherein women had authority (i.e., to become clerics, scholars, and leaders.) Wanda Dynowska, a Polish convert to Sanatan Dharm too championed women's rights in India and translated ''Bhagavad Gita'', ''Mahabharata'', ''Ramayana'', and other Hindu and Bauddh literature into Polish.

	==Start of modern reforms==		==Start of modern reforms==

Talk:Indian Freedom Fighters

Himanshu Bhatt — Sat, 02 May 2026 17:23:19 GMT

Non-aligned

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	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|Part of the Lal-Bal-Pal trio that promulgated the Swadeshi movement, ~~and~~ was a Brahmo Samaji		\|Part of the Lal-Bal-Pal trio that promulgated the Swadeshi movement,<br>was a Brahmo Samaji
	\|-		\|-
	\|Birama<br>(alias 'Swami Keshwanand')		\|Birama<br>(alias 'Swami Keshwanand')
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	\|Member		\|Member
	\|		\|
			\|-
			\|Chittaranjan Das<br>(alias 'Deshbandhu')
			\|W.B.
			\|Bengali
			\|
			\|
			\|Quoted the Gita,<br>occasionally praised Shivaji,<br>influenced by Brahmo Samajis
	\|-		\|-
	\|Cunjen Kesavan		\|Cunjen Kesavan
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	\|Member<br>(Leader)		\|Member<br>(Leader)
	\|Arya Samaj member		\|Arya Samaj member
			\|-
			\|Lal Bahadur Srivastava (Shastri)<br>(alias 'Shastriji', 'Man of Peace')
			\|U.P.
			\|Bhojpuri
			\|
			\|
			\|Quoted Gita,<br>spoke of Ram Rajya,<br>occasionally praised Shivaji
	\|-		\|-
	\|Lal Chand Prarthi		\|Lal Chand Prarthi
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	\|A swami		\|A swami
	\|-		\|-
	\|Tanguturi Prakasam<br>(alias 'Andhra Kesari')		\|Tanguturi Prakasam<br>(alias 'Andhra Kesari', 'Prakasam Pantulu')
	\|Andhra Pradesh		\|Andhra Pradesh
	\|Telugu		\|Telugu
	\|		\|
	\|Member<br>(Leader)		\|Member<br>(Leader)
	\|His public rhetoric frequently invoked dharma and the moral authority of Hindu epics,<br>supported protection of Hindu religious institutions and saw them as part of national heritage		\|His public rhetoric frequently invoked dharma and the moral authority of Hindu epics,<br>quoted Gita,<br>occasionally invoked Krishna and Ram as moral exemplar in speeches,<br>occasionally praised Shivaji,<br>supported protection of Hindu religious institutions and saw them as part of national heritage
	\|-		\|-
	\|Valangaiman Sankaranarayana Srinivasa Sastri		\|Valangaiman Sankaranarayana Srinivasa Sastri
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	\|Yes		\|Yes
	\|Non-Member		\|Non-Member
	\|Bhoodan leader,<br>mentioned Hindu figures like Krishna in philosophical contexts,<br> used slogans like "Jai Jagat" (''Victory to the World''),<br>his statements emphasized spiritual equality and non-violence, drawing from Hindu texts for universal humanism		\|Bhoodan leader,<br>mentioned Hindu figures like Krishna in philosophical contexts,<br> used slogans like "Jai Jagat" (''Victory to the World''),<br>his statements emphasized spiritual equality and non-violence, drawing from Hindu texts for universal humanism,<br>spoke of Ram Rajya like in Bhoodan movement discource
	\|-		\|-
	\|Vyenkatesh Bhagvanrao Khedgikar<br>(alias 'Swami Ramanand Tirtha')		\|Vyenkatesh Bhagvanrao Khedgikar<br>(alias 'Swami Ramanand Tirtha')
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	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|Volunteered lecturing Hindi at the Banaras Hindu University, wrote important works		\|Volunteered lecturing Hindi at the Banaras Hindu University,<br>wrote important works
	\|-		\|-
	\|Arani Subramaniya Sastri		\|Arani Subramaniya Sastri
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	\|		\|
	\|Yes		\|Yes
	\|Wrote works both religious and sociopolitical, even critiquing Gandhi's nonviolent stance and in independent India, Nehru attempted to ban his books		\|Wrote works both religious and sociopolitical,<br>even critiquing Gandhi's nonviolent stance and in independent India,<br>Nehru attempted to ban his books
	\|-		\|-
	\|Sir Chetput Pattabhirama Ramaswami Aiyar		\|Sir Chetput Pattabhirama Ramaswami Aiyar
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	\|		\|
	\|		\|
			\|-
			\|Kattamuthu Ocha Thevar<br>(alias 'Pappapatti Kattamuthu Mookiah')
			\|T.N.
			\|Tamil
			\|
			\|
			\|Was disciple of Ukkirapandi Muthuramalinga Thevar
	\|-		\|-
	\|Natesa Iyer<br>(alias 'Father Gangadhara Shastri')		\|Natesa Iyer<br>(alias 'Father Gangadhara Shastri')
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	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|Propagated the movement of Govind Guru (disciple of Swami Dayanand) among tribals, organized public gatherings that incorporated bhajans and patriotic songs, and was martyred by British imperialist forces		\|Propagated the movement of Govind Guru (disciple of Swami Dayanand) among tribals,<br>organized public gatherings that incorporated bhajans and patriotic songs,<br>and was martyred by British imperialist forces
	\|-		\|-
	\|Pothiram Upadhyay<br>('Swaroopanand Saraswati',<br>'Revolutionary Sadhu')		\|Pothiram Upadhyay<br>('Swaroopanand Saraswati',<br>'Revolutionary Sadhu')
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	\|		\|
	\|Yes		\|Yes
	\|A participant in 1942 Quit India Movement, he later 1st president of ABRRP, supported reclaiming Ram Janmabhumi and including shastras in curriculum, was Shankaracharya of Dwarka Sharada Peeth from 1982 and before that of Jyotir Math, Badrinath (1973), ~~and~~ mentioned Hindu figures like Ram, Krishna, Hanuman, and Shiva in speeches		\|A participant in 1942 Quit India Movement,<br>he later 1st president of ABRRP,<br>supported reclaiming Ram Janmabhumi and including shastras in curriculum,<br>was Shankaracharya of Dwarka Sharada Peeth from 1982 and before that of Jyotir Math, Badrinath (1973),<br>mentioned Hindu figures like Ram, Krishna, Hanuman, and Shiva in speeches
	\|-		\|-
	\|Ramanathapuram Sankara Venkatarama Iyer		\|Ramanathapuram Sankara Venkatarama Iyer
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	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|Renovated the Karni Mata temple, wrote devotional works like "Maa Karni Vandana Stotram", in his family memoirs is credited with instilling "Sanskaras of Sanatan Hindu Dharma", wrote about Maharana Pratap, known as Sahityabhushana		\|Renovated the Karni Mata temple,<br>wrote devotional works like "Maa Karni Vandana Stotram",<br>in his family memoirs is credited with instilling "Sanskaras of Sanatan Hindu Dharma",<br>wrote about Maharana Pratap,<br>known as Sahityabhushana
	\|-		\|-
	\|Tiruppur Subrahmanya		\|Tiruppur Subrahmanya
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	\|		\|
	\|		\|
			\|-
			\|Ukkirapandi Muthuramalinga Thevar<br>(alias 'Pasumpon')
			\|T.N.
			\|Tamil
			\|
			\|
			\|Lived as a sadhu,<br>combined political activism with Hindu spirituality and community leadership,<br>kept strong links to Hindu religious networks in T.N.,<br> had temple-centered authority
	\|-		\|-
	\|Varahaneri Venkatesa Subramaniam Aiyar		\|Varahaneri Venkatesa Subramaniam Aiyar

Shatata-Unnati

Himanshu Bhatt — Fri, 01 May 2026 18:53:15 GMT

Successive associations

@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 ! Founder's Affiliation(s)
 ! Achievement
 |-
 |Andhra Mahila Sabha
@@ Line 80: / Line 87: @@
 |Dhondo Keshav Karve<br>('Maharshi Karve')
 |Educated at BHU
+|
 |-

Talk:Indian Freedom Fighters

Himanshu Bhatt — Fri, 01 May 2026 17:32:11 GMT

Non-aligned

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	\|		\|Took sanyas,<br>used to teach Gita to people
	\|-		\|-
	\|Ayodhya Prasad Upadhyay		\|Ayodhya Prasad Upadhyay
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	\|T.N.		\|T.N.
	\|Tamil		\|Tamil
	\|
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	\|T.N.		\|T.N.
	\|Tamil		\|Tamil
	\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	\|		\|
	\|~~Took sanyas,<br>used to teach Gita to people~~		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}

Shatata-Unnati

Himanshu Bhatt — Fri, 01 May 2026 08:38:01 GMT

Successive associations

Show changes

Talk:Indian Freedom Fighters

Himanshu Bhatt — Fri, 01 May 2026 05:34:06 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:34, 1 May 2026
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	\|Brahmo Samaji,<br>Prarthana Samaji (popularized the Prarthana Samaj in southern India)		\|Brahmo Samaji,<br>Prarthana Samaji (popularized the Prarthana Samaj in southern India)
	\|-		\|-
	\|Kashinath Trimbak Telang		\|Kashinath Trimbak Telang<br>(alias 'Justice Telang')
	\|Maharashtra		\|Maharashtra
	\|Marathi		\|Marathi

Indian Freedom Fighters

Himanshu Bhatt — Fri, 01 May 2026 01:15:32 GMT

Other Hindu groups offering alternative to INC

Show changes