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Colonial Discourse and the Suffering of Indian American Children is now published after academic peer-review and available through open access.

In this book, we analyze the psycho-social consequences that Indian American children face after they are exposed to the school textbook discourse on Hinduism and ancient India. We show that there is an intimate connection―an almost exact correspondence―between James Mill’s ( a prominent politician in Britain and head of the British East India Company) colonial-racist discourse and the current school-textbook discourse. Consequently, this archaic and racist discourse, camouflaged under the cover of political correctness, produces in the Indian American children the same psychological impact as racism is known to produce: shame, inferiority, embarrassment, identity confusion, assimilation, and a phenomenon similar to racelessness where the children dissociate from the tradition and culture of their ancestors

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Tirumala-Tirupati

From Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia

By Swami Harshananda

Whether religion is the opium of the masses or not, Lord Veṅkaṭeśvara of Tirupati has certainly been casting a hypnotic devotional spell on lakhs of devotees for centuries. Tirumala is the range of seven hills forming a part of the Eastern Ghats. The main temple is on the seventh hill at a height of 840 metres or 2800 feet above the sea level. Tirupati is the township at the foot of the hill.

Synonyms of Tirumala Hill[edit]

The hill which is supposed to be a piece of the Meruparvata has several names such as:

  1. Seṣācala
  2. Vṛṣabhācala
  3. Garuḍācala
  4. Añjanādrī
  5. Nārāyaṇādri
  6. Sirihācala
  7. Veṅkaṭādri
Tirumala-Tirupati

Bālājī Tirupati[edit]

However, the original name was Veṅgaḍa, a Tamil word, in course of time it was given a touch of Sanskrit to Veṅkaṭa and the god on this hill became Veṅkaṭeśa or Veṅkaṭeśvara or Veṅkaṭanātha. Since the hill was also known as Śrīgiri, the lord of the hill became Śrīgirivāsa or Śrīnivāsa also. Bālājī is another well-known name by which he is known.

Tirumala-Tirupati

Origin of Image of Veṅkaṭeśvara[edit]

The stone image of Lord Veṅkaṭeśvara is believed to be svayamvyakta or self-manifested and not man-made. A great devotee of God named Raṅgadāsa and Gopīnātha, an another devotee, are said to have discovered this image which had been partially buried under the earth and redeemed it. Originally it might have been in the open and gradually the garbhagṛha[1] and other parts of a regular temple might have been added by stages spread over some centuries.

Evolution of Tirupati Temple[edit]

If the local legends have to be believed, a king Toṇḍamān[2] by name seems to have built the first structure to protect the image. The antiquity of the image is further proved by the references of it in the ancient Tamil work Silappadikāram[3] and by the Ālvārs[4] in their pāśuras[5] numbering 203.

Garbhagṛha of Tirupati Temple[edit]

The peculiarities of of garbhagṛha is as follows:

  • It is a square room of the dimensions 3.8 metres or 12.75 feet square with thick walls of 2.2 metres or 7 feet in thickness.
  • It is covering three sides.
  • The vimāna is built on the outermost wall.
  • The dhruvabera, the main image, is fixed exactly in the center of the sanctum.
  • Its height is estimated to be between 2.4 to 2.7 metres,[6] since no one is allowed to actually measure it.
  • Whether it is made of the black stone[7] or a kind of wood like red wooded fig tree it is difficult to say.

Since it does not confirm to any of the rules laid in the works on Iconography or the descriptions given in the dhyānaślokas[8] of the various aspects of Viṣṇu, the belief that it is svayarhvyakta is strengthened.

Image in Tirupati Temple[edit]

The peculiarities of the image is as follows:

  • In the image of Tirupati temple, on the chest, towards the right, there is a symbol of Lakṣmi, described as an icon seated on a lotus.
  • There are four hands.
  • Two hands at the back hold the cakra[9] and śañkha.[10]
  • The front right hand is showing the varada mudrā.[11]
  • The left rests on the waist.
  • It has long hair.
  • It has a peculiar conical crown.
  • It is decorated with nāgavalaya, snake shaped ornament
  • It is offered the bilva leaves and decorated with sari on Fridays.

A special feature of the decorated image is the nāma or tripuṇdra, the well-known caste mark of the Śrīvaiṣṇava sect. It is prepared out of paccakarpura[12] and kasturi,[13] and covers the two eyes, the whole of the nose and extends on the forehead up to the crown. Applying this type of nāma is said to have begun in A. D. 1465.

Differences about Deity[edit]

The practice of offering bilva leaves and decorating it with a sari has given rise to doubts regarding the deity it represents. Guesses galore have made it an image of Viṣṇu, Śiva, Devi, Subrahmaṇya or Harihara. As mentioned before, it is Rāmānuja who is said to have finally settled the disputes by declaring that it is that of Viṣṇu.

Other Images of Tirupati Temple[edit]

There are other images in the sanctum as follows:

  1. Maṇavālapperumāl - silver image presented by the queen Sāmavai, also called Bhoga-Srīnivāsa
  2. Ugra-Srīnivāsa with the images of Srīdevī and Bhudevi
  3. Maleyappa - a bigger image of Veṇkateśvara used for processional purposes
  4. Koluvu-Srīnivāsa - used ceremonially like a king, everyday, before whom accounts of the day have to be given
  5. Kṛṣṇa
  6. Rāma
  7. Sudarśana - discus-deity

Inside the main temple campus, there are small shrines dedicated to Varadarāja and Narasimha,[14] Rāma and Rāmānuja also. It is interesting to note that in one of the old rooms, several copper plates containing the songs[15] of Aṇṇamācārya[16] on Lord Veṅkaṭeśvara were discovered. These songs are now being printed and widely used.

Type of Worship in Tirupati Temple[edit]

In this temple, it is the Vaikhānasa Āgama system of worship and rituals that is being followed for several centuries. It is contrast to the Pāñcarātra system which is much more common, especially in the Vaiṣṇava temples of South India. Apart from the regular daily worship there are several other rites and rituals like:

  1. Tomālasevā - decorating with flower garlands
  2. Phulaṅgisevā - similar to the previous one, but performed only on Thursdays
  3. Tirumañjana - bathing the image, once a week, on Fridays only

Festivals of Tirupati Temple[edit]

Among the various festivals of the temple the biggest and the most impressive is the Brahmotsava, celebrated during the Navarātri festival generally in September/October for nine days. The Rathotsava[17] is held on the 8th day. On the last day, the utsavamṅrti[18] is bathed in the nearby temple-tank known as Svāmipuṣkariṇī or Varāhatīrtha, because of the Varāha temple on its bank. Once in a year, there is a big festival celebrating the marriage of Padmāvatī with Veṅkaṭeśvara. Her processional image is taken on an elephant to the Tirumala temple, where he ‘comes out’ to meet her. The Brahmotsava of this temple is on the ‘birthday’ of Padmāvatī, generally in November/December.

Other Significances[edit]

The temple is also famous for its prasāda, sacred offering in the form of laḍḍus[19] which are sold in millions. This Veṅkaṭeśvara temple of Tirumala is not only the most popular but also the wealthiest in the country.

Attractions around Tirupati Temple[edit]

  • Apart from a good motorable road[20] there are also well-laid steps[21] by which earnest devotees can climb the hill from Tirupati, up to the temple campus. It's distance is 11 kms.[22]
  • The Svāmipuṣkariṇī tank
  • The Varāha temple
  • The Ākāśagaṅgā falls
  • Pāpanāśani-tirtha
  • Kumāradhārā
  • Few more sources of holy waters

Attractions in Tirupati City[edit]

At the foot of the hills is Tirupati, the main city. The temples of Govindarāja, Kodaṇḍarāma and Kapileśvara (Siva) are situated here.

Govindarāja temple[edit]

The Govindarāja temple contains the older shrine of Pārthasārathi[23] dating back to the 9th century A. D. and Govindarāja established by Rāmānuja in A. D. 1130. The deity here is a śayānamurti[24] as in the Srīraṅgam temple. It has an impressive gopuram[25] of seven storeys.

Kodandarāma Temple[edit]

About 2 kms.[26] away from the Govindarāja temple, is the Kodandarāma temple built in A. D. 1480.

Padmāvatī Temple=[edit]

Another important temple included in the Tirupati pilgrimage is the Padmāvatī temple at Tiruccānur which is 5 kms.[27] away from the Tirupati town. Padmāvatī, also called Alarmel-maṅgai, is the consort of Lord Veṅkaṭeśvara. Her icon is shown as seated in the padmāsana style and holding a lotus in each of the upper two hands. The lower hands are in the abhaya and varada mudrās giving protection and granting boons.

Tirumala-Tirupati-Devasthānams[edit]

The ‘Tirumala-Tirupati-Devasthānams’[28] is a huge organisation entrusted with the management of the main temple, allied temples and other institutions. The fabulous income of the temples is being utilized for the welfare of the pilgrims by providing many facilities like rest-houses, free-food, prasāda[29] and transportation. It is also running a university with several academic institutions affiliated to it including an Oriental research institute.


References[edit]

  1. ↑ It is called as sanctum.
  2. ↑ He lived in 57 B. C. - A. D. 78.
  3. ↑ He lived in A. D. 100.
  4. ↑ They existed in A. D. 4th to the 8th centuries.
  5. ↑ It means verses.
  6. ↑ It is approximately 8 to 9 feet.
  7. ↑ This stone is śālagrāma śilā.
  8. ↑ Dhyānaślokas are the meditation verses.
  9. ↑ Cakra means discus.
  10. ↑ It means conch.
  11. ↑ It is the boon giving pose.
  12. ↑ It is a kind of camphor.
  13. ↑ Kasturi is musk.
  14. ↑ These are the two forms of Viṣṇu.
  15. ↑ These songs are etched on the plates.
  16. ↑ He lived in A. D. 1424-1503.
  17. ↑ Rathotsava is the temple-car festival.
  18. ↑ It is the image of processional deity.
  19. ↑ Laḍḍus are the round shaped sweets.
  20. ↑ It is approximately 20 kms. or 12.5 miles.
  21. ↑ They are about 4000.
  22. ↑ It is approximately 7 miles.
  23. ↑ He is deity Kṛṣṇa.
  24. ↑ In this image is in the lying posture.
  25. ↑ It means tower.
  26. ↑ It is approximately 1.2 miles.
  27. ↑ It is approximately 3 miles.
  28. ↑ It is nicknamed as T.T.D.
  29. ↑ Prasāda means consecrated food.
  • The Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Swami Harshananda, Ram Krishna Math, Bangalore

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