Upāya
From Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia
By Swami Harshananda
Upāya literally means ‘means or method’.
This is a general term with several shades of meaning. It can mean any method by which we can attain what we want.
Classification of Upāya[edit]
According to one version, it can be classified as:
- Laukika - It is a secular method. The wheel and the stick used in preparing a mud-pot are laukika-upāyas.
- Alaukika - It is a non-secular or spiritual method. Performing a sacrifice like the Jyotiṣṭoma to attain heaven is alaukika-upāya.
Upāyas for King[edit]
A king has to use one of the four prescribed upāyas in subduing or getting rid of his enemies. They are:
- Sāma - negotiation by peaceful means
- Dāna - a policy of give and take
- Bheda - maneuvering a split in the enemy ranks
- Daṇḍa - warfare, fighting
Upāyas for Creditors[edit]
A creditor can get back his money from the debtor by using any of the following upāyas:
- Dharma - by negotiation through mutual friends and well-wishers
- Vyavahāra - by helping the debtor to establish himself in a profitable job and get back his money when he prospers
- Balātkāra - by forcibly taking away the debtor’s property
Upāyas for Spiritual Progress[edit]
In certain schools of Śaivism, five upāyas are recommended for spiritual progress. They are:
- Vāsacaryā - leading a pure life
- Japa - repetition of divine name
- Dhyāna - meditation
- Rudrasmaraṇa - remembering Lord Rudra or Siva
- Prapatti - surrender to God
References[edit]
- The Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Swami Harshananda, Ram Krishna Math, Bangalore