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In this book, we analyze the psycho-social consequences faced by Indian American children after exposure to the school textbook discourse on Hinduism and ancient India. We demonstrate that there is an intimate connection—an almost exact correspondence—between James Mill’s colonial-racist discourse (Mill was the head of the British East India Company) and the current school textbook discourse. This racist discourse, camouflaged under the cover of political correctness, produces the same psychological impacts on Indian American children that racism typically causes: shame, inferiority, embarrassment, identity confusion, assimilation, and a phenomenon akin to racelessness, where children dissociate from the traditions and culture of their ancestors.


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Soḍaśa-samskāras

From Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia

By Swami Harshananda

Ṣoḍaśa-sanskāras literally means ‘sixteen sacraments’.

Introduction[edit]

According to the religion, a human being is purified and refined by undergoing certain rites, generally called as sanskāras. The most widely accepted number of such sanskāras is ṣoḍaśa or sixteen. Hence it is named as ṣoḍaśa-sanskāras. The scriptures do not consider birth as the starting point of life. It goes farther back, as it is conditioned by heredity, parentage and environment. Keeping this in mind, the sanskāras start with the conception.

Classification of Sanskāras[edit]

The following is a brief description of these sixteen sanskāras:

  1. Garbhādhāna - This is mainly concerned with the purification of the seed and the womb so that the progeny will be endowed with good health and intelligence.
  2. Pumsavana - This is performed with the specific desire of getting a male offspring. The pregnant woman is made to undergo this during the third or the fourth month of pregnancy.
  3. Simantonnayana - This consists in the parting of the hair above the forehead ceremonially. It is said to protect the baby in the womb.
  4. Jātakarma - This is performed immediately after the baby is born and before the umbilical cord is cut.
  5. Nāmakaraṇa - This is the naming ceremony. It is generally performed on the eleventh or the twelfth day after birth.
  6. Niṣkramaṇa - During the fourth month, the baby is brought out of the house for the first time where it was born and is blessed by the relatives and friends.
  7. Annaprāśaṇa - Performed after the sixth month, this sacrament of feeding the baby with solid food is primarily meant to wean it away from breast-feeding and gradually get used to normal food.
  8. Cudākarma - This is the first hair-cutting ceremony for the male child performed generally during the third year and before the seventh. A śikhā[1] is to be kept. Vidyārambha or the beginning of primary education by teaching the alphabet is a subsidiary rite.
  9. Upanayāna - This is of primary importance in the life of a dvija.[2] Investiture with the yajñopavīta[3] and imparting the Gāyatrī-mantra are the most important steps.
  10. Samāvartana - This signifies the return of the brahmacārin, after the completion of his student hood, he is now called a snātaka to his house.
  11. Vivāha - Through vivāha or marriage, the snātaka enters into the second stage of life viz., gārhasthya.[4] This stage is considered as very important, since the householder is the prop of the whole society.
  12. Antyesti - This stands for all the post-death ceremonies performed by the survivors of the dead-person for his future welfare. In later dharmaśāstra literature, the four Vedavratas were omitted and the following four were added:
  13. Karṇavedha - piercing the ear-lobes
  14. Vidyārambha - same as akṣarābhyāsa, learning the alphabet
  15. Vedārambha - first study of the Vedas
  16. Keśānta - cutting the hair or shaving the beard

A brahmacārin had to undergo four Vedavratas:

  1. Mahānamni
  2. Mahāvrata
  3. Upaniṣadvrata
  4. Godānavrata

They were to be observed after the Upanayāna ceremony and for a period of one year each. Gradually they went out of use and were substituted by other sanskāras as described later under 16.


References[edit]

  1. ↑ Śikhā means tuft of hair.
  2. ↑ Dvija means the twice-born.
  3. ↑ Yajñopavīta means sacred thread.
  4. ↑ Gārhasthya means life of the house-holder.
  • The Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Swami Harshananda, Ram Krishna Math, Bangalore

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